CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



563 



Other 

 iuwns. 



History, none of the wild irregularity of old Edinburgh, yet the 

 V"" Tron and Argyll streets partake of the grandeur of the 

 High-street of the capita 1 . The style of the new streets 

 in Glasgow, accords sufficiently with those of the more 

 ancient parts. There being a considerable difference in 

 the fronts of individual dwellings, and these frequently 

 mixed with public buildings, a street architecture is found 

 here much preferable to that of the new town of Edin- 

 burgh. 



In the towns of Stirling, Linlithgow, and Dunferm- 

 line, may be seen the remains of royal palaces. They 

 have been castellated squares, with chapels. That at 

 Linb'thgow is upon a magnificent scale, and has still a very 

 striking effect. At Stirling, the palace built by James 

 V. has its northern and western fronts in a very peculiar 

 style, which deserves the attention of the young archi- 

 tect. 



After the Roman architecture had been revived in 

 Britain, the Scots imitated their southern neighbours in 

 abandoning the castellated dwelling, and adopting the 

 Hcpetoun Palladian style. In 1698, the villa of the Earl of Hope- 

 bouse, toun was begun upon the south bank of the estuary of 

 the Forth, from a design of Sir William Bruce, the ar- 

 chitect of Holyrood-house. The wings were afterwards 

 added by Mr Adam. The beauty of the situation, and 

 the magnificence of the structure, are well known to form 

 a principal feature in a scene which, for extent, richness, 

 and variety, admits of few equals. This taste in archi- 

 tecture was extended over the kingdom, from Fleurs, the 

 seat of the Duke of Roxburgh near Kelso, to the superb 

 dwelling of the Duke of Gordon on the coast of Moray. 

 In 1761, Sir James Clerk, a man of genius and fine taste, 

 built his elegant seat at 1'eiinycuik, in Mid-Lothian. It 

 is a regular square edifice ; the basement and order are 

 well proportioned ; it has a bold portico of six Corin- 

 thian columns ; the entablature runs round the whole 



Fleurs. 



Cordon 

 cattle. 



i'ennycuilc. 



building ; and one row of large windows in the front 

 corresponds with this fine order. In the same county, 

 Duddingstone house is an equally correct design by Sir 

 William Chambers ; and Melville Castle has been ren- 

 dered, by the ingenuity of Mr Adam, a still more mag- 

 nificent and appropriate feature in this part of Great 

 Britain. The same architect, with his usual fertility of 

 invention, has in ijulzean house, on a bold promontory on 

 the coast of Ayrshire, rendered the seat of the Earl of 

 Cassilis a just resemblance of a Roman villa as described 

 by Pliny. Of a still more recent date, are the extensive 

 and finely castellated structures, raised in the same coun- 

 ty, by the munificence of the Earl of Eglintoun, and the 

 Countess of Loudon. But perhaps the most extensive 

 and magnificent of all the modern Scottish structures, is 

 Gossford house, built by the Earl of Wemyss, in East 

 Lothian, from a design by Robert Adam ; though one little 

 inferior has been erected by the Duke of Argyle at Rose- 

 neath, (see Plate CLXXXI.) from designs by the late 

 Mr Bonomi, an ingenious Italian architect, who long 

 practised his art with much success in England. 



Historv 



Dudding- 

 stone. 



Melville 

 castle. 



Culzean 

 house. 



Eglimon. 



Wemyss. 



RotencaMi. 

 PLAT it 

 CLXXXI. 



Having now, we trust, adduced a sufficient number of General 

 instances, to convey to the reader a distinct idea of the remarks, 

 progress of architecture in Scotland, the nature of this 

 work not admitting of more, we must, therefore, deny 

 ourselves the pleasure of following the ingenious archi- 

 tects of the present day through many works, which re- 

 flect great credit upon their taste and skill. We have 

 reason to look forward with confidence to the time, when 

 not only the necessity of having recourse, on important 

 occasions, to the metropolis of the empire for properly 

 qualified artists, will be superseded, but that, emulating 

 the well established fame of her literary characters, Edin- 

 burgh will produce a decided superiority of talent in the 

 principles and practice of architecture. 



PART II. PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE. 



1'rineiplei. 



Not ex- 

 plained by 

 the an- 

 cient*. 



Theories 

 f mo- 

 dern!. 



Profeor 

 Stewart. 



ALTHOUGH, in all civilized nations, architecture has been 

 considered an object of importance amongst men of ge- 

 nius, learning, and scientific skill, yet very few have af- 

 forded any satisfactory account of its principles. From 

 Vitruvius to our own times, we have been told of grandeur, 

 order, proportions, harmony, &c. ; but it has never been 

 distinctly stated upon what principles these are founded, 

 nor by what means they are to be attained. This very 

 necessary and important art has, therefore, hitherto been 

 too frequently directed by capricious fancy ; and the ex- 

 pence and durability of its works, have alone prevented 

 it from experiencing changes equally rapid with those of 

 furniture and dress. 



Of late years, men of distinguished talents have be- 

 stowed much attention upon subjects connected with 

 this art. To state the various theories which have been 

 advanced, would much exceed our limiti. We shall 

 therefore only observe, that the works of Burke, Price, 

 Knight, Reynolds, and Hogarth, afford elaborate and 

 various information ; and that the radical errors of those 

 eminent men are fully exposed by Professor Stewart, 

 in his Philosophical Essays upon beauty, sublimity, and 

 taste, more especially the latter, which he proves to 

 be chiefly an acquired faculty. 



" The fact seems to be (as Mr Stewart observes) 

 the mind when once it has felt the pleasure, has lit- 

 tle inclination to retrace the steps by which it arri- 

 ved at h. It is owing to this, that taste has been o 



generally ranked among our original- faculties, and so Principle*, 

 little attention has hitherto been given to the processes S P- Y"" P ' 

 by which it has been formed. Dr Gerard and Mr Ali- 

 son, indeed, have analyzed, with great ingenuity and 

 success, the most important elements which enter into 

 its composition, ae it exists in a well-informed and culti- 

 vated mind." 



Fortified by the opinion of this eminent philosopher, p r j nc j p i rs ' 

 we with confidence state an opinion which we have long correctly 

 entertained, that it is from Mr Alison's Essay on the made out 

 Principles of Tattc alone, that a satisfactory knowledge b y. M' 

 of the principles of architecture is to be obtained. We A ' I!OI1> 

 shall therefore endeavour, in a cursory manner, to exhi- 

 bit his general views of the subject ; and, for more per- 

 fect information, refer the reader to his elegant and phi- 

 losophical work. 



In treating of the sublimity and beauty of the material 

 world, Mr Alison observes, " It cannot be doubted that 

 many objects of the material world are productive of the ' 

 emotions of sublimity and beauty : Some of the fine arts 

 are altogether employed about material objects ; and by 

 far the greater part of the instances of beauty and su- 

 blimity which occur in any man's experience, are found 

 in matter, or some of its qualities ; on the other hand, 

 it must be allowed, that matter in itself is unfitted to 

 produce any kind of emotion." And, again, " But al- 

 though the qualities of matter are in themselves inca- 

 pable of producing emotion or the exercise tf any aifec- 



