CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



Ctpial. 



Katahia. 



Doric firu 

 Greek or- 



is called th Capital. The body of the column, which 

 reaches between the bate and capital, is termed the Shaft : 

 it i* the fruitrum of a cone, with sometimes a plain sur- 

 face, but frequently having perpendicular fluting! either 

 meeting in an edge, or leaving a small plane space between 

 then. The lintelling or covering, which lies upon and 

 connects the columns, is termed the Entablature, and is 

 sub-divided into three pans, named Architrave, Frieze, 

 and Cornice : The architrave consists of a mere lintel laid 

 along the tops of the columns ; the frieze represents the 

 ends of the crosi beams resting upon the former, and ha- 

 'n- space* between filled up, having also a mould- 

 ed to conceal the horizontal joint, and divide it 

 from the architrave ; and the upper member or cornice 

 represents the projecting eaves of a Greek roof, shewing 

 the ends of the rafters. The whole is distinctly exem- 

 plified in the first Greek or Doric order ; the earliest in- 

 stances of which exhibit Egyptian character, and pro- 

 portions adapted to the climate and materials i>f Greece; 

 the column of the Doric bring as gross in proportion to 

 its height as the pillars of the Thebaid ; but Greece be- 

 ing subject to rains, it was found necessary to elevate 

 the whole edifice on an artificial platform, and cover it 

 with a pointed roof, having projecting eavea, thus con- 

 stituting features totally different from Egyptian. The 

 three Greek order*, named Doric, Ionic, and Co- 

 rinthian, have the same principal members, and sub- 

 divisions, but the dimensions, mouldings, and decorations, 

 vary very considerably, as will be seen by the specimens 

 of each, which will, in the course of this investigation, 

 be produced. 



It is only in Greece, or in the territdries of Greek 

 colonies, that pure specimens of these orders have been 

 found. Their mouldings exhibit every specimen of conic 

 section, as elliptical, parabolical, hyperbolical ; some are 

 merely champhered : the circle was seldom employed 

 excepting in small cavettos and mouldings of contrary 

 flexures. 



MotUdingt. 



Mouldings. Mouldings are prismatic or annular solids, formed by 

 plain and curved surfaces, and employed as ornamental 

 parts in most architectural operations : AH parallel 

 sections of straight mouldings, and all sections passing 

 through the axis of annular mouldings, are equal similar 

 figures ; the forms of all mouldings are referred to a 

 section at right angles to their longitudinal direction, 

 when prismatic, or passing through the axis, if annular; 

 Section. and this is simply denominated the Section, on ac- 

 count ot its frequent use, as oblique stctv.ns only occur 

 in mitres. The names of mouldings depend upon tbeir 

 form and situation. 



If the section is a semicircle which projects from a 

 vertical diameter, the moulding is called an Astragal, 

 Bead, or Torus; if a toru* and bead be both employed in 

 the same order of architecture, they art. only distinguish- 

 ed by the bead being the smallest. The tori are gt 

 ly employed in bases, but the bead both in bases and 

 capitals. 



If the moulding be convex, and its section be the quar- 

 ter of a circle or less, and if the one extremity project 

 beyond the other equal to its height, and the projecting 

 side be more remote from the eye than the other, it is 

 termed a Quarter Round ; this, in Roman archkectnre, is 

 always employed above the level of the eye. 



If the section of a moulding be concave, but in all 

 other respects the *amc as the la,t, it in demominatcd a 

 Caretto. Thty are never employed in base* or capitals, 

 but frequently in entablatures. 



If the section of a moulding is partly concave and partly 



straight, and if the straight part be vertical and a tan- P> 

 gent to the concave part, and if the concavity be equal v "V^"' 

 or Ies3 than the quadrant of a circle, the moulding is Names and 

 denominated an Apophygo, Scape, Spring, or Conge : it ; 

 is used in the Ionic and Corinthian orders for joining the ">ouldiug. 

 bottom of the shaft to the base, as well as to connect 

 the top of the fillet to the shaft under the astragal. 



If the section be one part concave and the other con- 

 vex, and so joined that they may have the same tangent, 

 th moulding M named a Cymatium ; but Vi'ruvius call* 

 all crowning or upper members cymatiums, whether they 

 restmblf the one now described or not. 



I f the upper projecting part of the cymatium be a 

 concave, it is called a Cima-i ecta, they are generally the 

 crowning r, embers of cornices, but arc seldom found in 

 other situations. 



If the upper projecting part of the cymatium be con- 

 vex, it is called a cima-revcrsa, and is the smallest in any 

 composition of mouldings, its office being to separate the 

 larger nu-mhers: it is seldom used as a crowning member 

 of cornices, but is frequently employed with a small fil- 

 1, t o-.-er it, as the upper member of architraves, capitals, 

 and imposts. 



If the convex part of a moulding recede and meet a 

 horizontal surface, the recess formed by the convexity 

 and the horizontal surface is termed a Quirk. 



If the section of the moulding be a convex conic sec- 

 tion, and if the intermediate part of the curve project 

 only a small distance from the greatest projecting extre- 

 mity, and if the tangent to the curve at the receding ex- 

 tremity meet a horizontal line produced forward without 

 the curve at the upper extremity, the moulding is called 

 an Ovolo. It is generally employed above the eye, as a 

 crowning member in the Grecian Doric. Ovolos may 

 be used in the same composition of different sizes ; it is 

 sometimes cut into egg and tongue, or egg and dart, 

 when it is termed Echinus. It M employed instead of a 

 torus in the base of Lysicrates at Athens. The contour 

 of ovolos are generally elliptical or hyperbolical curves. 

 These curves can be regulated to any degree of quick- 

 ness or flatness ; the parabola can also be drawn under 

 these conditions, but its curvature does not afford the va- 

 riety of change of the other Lwo species. 



If the section be a concave semi-ellipse, having its con- 

 jugate diaim ter such that the one may unite the extre- 

 mities of its projections, and the other diameter may be 

 parallel to the horizon, the moulding is termed a Scotia. 

 They are always employed below the level of the eye ; 

 their situation is between two tori. The one extremity 

 has generally a greater projection than the other, and the 

 greater projection is nearest to the level of the eye. 



If the section of the moulding be the two sides of right 

 angles, the one verticil, and the other of course horizon- 

 tal, it is termed ajiilct, band, or corona. A fillet is the 

 smallest rectangular men'ber in any composition of mould- 

 ings. Its altitude is generally iqual to its projection j its 

 purpose in to separate two principal members, and it is 

 used in all situations under such circumstances. The co- 

 rona is the principal member of a cornice. The beam or 

 facia is a principal member in an architrave as to height, 

 but its projection is not more than that of a fillet. 



In the following descriptions, the projections and Rule* for 

 heights are always supposed to be given in position to detcribnaj 

 the extremities of the curve. moulding. 



To describe the torus, Plate CLXXXII. Fig. 1. Toru5> 

 Let mb be the vertical diameter whence the torus pro. p L4TE 

 jects; bisect l>\nc\ from c, with the radins ca or c ft, CLXXXII 

 describe the semicircle bda, which will be the profile of Pig. 1. 

 the torus. 



To describe the ovolo, the height and projection being Ovo!. 





