r,oi 



CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



of Bacchus at Teos, and Minerva which runs between them is formed into curve, bend 



tore. Inth 



Polias at Print, the architrave* are divided into three 

 (tarn below the cymatium. Tbeir proportiuns are very 

 difcreM from thoe at Atheo*, though tl*o elegant in 

 character and effect. 



In all the Asiatic Ionic*, the crowning mouldings of 

 the coraice* are ctma-rrcia, less in projection than height. 

 The deald bands are never omitted, and their height it 

 a mcao between that of the cima r-vta and of the larima, 

 corona, or drip, being uniformly greater than that of 

 the corona, and lew than that of the cima-recta. The 

 cymatium of the denticulated band is recessed upwards, 

 being almost entirely wrought out of the soffit of the 

 coraot. which nearly conceals its height. The height 

 of the cornice, from the top of the cima to the lower 

 edge of the dentils, is equal, or nearly so, to that of the 

 architrave. The height of the frieze, without it* cy- 

 matium, may be about one-fourth of the whole entabla- 

 ture. 



We hare observed that the height of the Ionic co- 

 lumn was originally eight diameters ; the moderns have 

 increased it to nine. The shaft is generally cut into 2* 

 flutes, with as many fillet*. The altitude of the enta- 

 blature may, in general, be two diameters ; but it may 

 be increased, and should not be less than one-fourth of 

 the height of the column in works of magnificence. 



The oa*e of the Athenian Ionics consists of two tori, 

 having a scotia or trochilus between them, separated 

 from the tori, above and below, by two fillets ; the fil- 

 let above the inferior torus projects, in general, as far as 

 the extremity of the superior torus, and the fillet beneath 

 the upper torus projects beyond both. The scotia is 

 very flat, it* section forming an elliptic curve, which 

 joins the fillet on either side. The tori and scotia are 

 on early of equal altitudes. In th: temple on the Ilyssus, 

 Ujnsw> there is a bead and fillet on the upper torus, joining the 

 fillet to the scape of the column ; in the same temple, as 

 well as in that of Erectheui, the upper torus of the 

 bate is fluted ; but the lower part, which joins the upper 

 surface of the fillet above the scotia, is left entire. In 

 the Utter temple the lower torus of the base of the An- 

 tz is receded ; and in that of Minerva Polias it is fluted, 

 each flute being separated from those on either side by 

 two small cylmdric mouldings of a quandrantal section, 

 joining at their convexities. The upper scotia of the 

 temple of Minerva Polias is also enriched with a guil- 

 loche. Vitruvius has, very properly, termed this the 

 Attic bate. ATTIC BASE, it having been employed by the Athenians 

 in all their Ionics ; and, although the lonians had another, 

 more particularly appropriated to this order, they some- 

 Tcmple of times employed the Attic, as in the temple of Bacchus at 

 aeehnsai Teo*. In the temple of Minerva Polias at Priene, and 

 that of Apollo Didymzus near Miletus, the bases con- 

 silt of a large torus, three pair of astragals, and two 

 kcotiz, inverted towards each other ; the upper pair of 

 astragal* is below tie torus, and the scotia intervenes 

 between each pair. fc the former of these temples, an 

 additional auragal separates the torus from the shaft. 

 The torus is elliptical with its under part fluted ; there 

 ii likewise a flute in the upper part of the base. In the 

 temple of Apollo DiJymzuj, the upper torus is semi- 

 circular, and each bead of every pair is separated by a 

 narrow fiUet. This base differs but little from that as- 

 signed to this order by Vitruvius, only in the former the 

 scotiac are inverted, and present a greater variety of pro- 

 file. 



The volute, which is the great distinguishing feature 

 of this order, in the Athenian Ionics, and the temple of 

 Minerva Polias at Priene, the lower edge of the channel 



Minervi 



Bifchiu ai 



Both Ore* It 

 and Ro- 



Ancrulir 

 capitals. 



Greek and 

 Roman. 



Volow. 



ing downwards in the middle, and revolving about the 

 spirals on either side. In the temple of Erectheus, and 

 Minerva Polias at Athens, each volute has two channels 

 formed by two distinct spiral borders ; the borders form- 

 ing the exterior volute, and the under side of the lower 

 channel, have between them a deep recess or spiral groove, 

 which diminishes gradually in breadth, till it loses itself 

 in the centre of the eye. la the temple of Bacchus at 

 Teos, the great theatre of Laodicea, and in all the Ro- 

 man Ionics, the channel whereby the two volutes are con- 

 nected has no border on the lower edge, but terminates 

 with a horizontal line, falling in a tangent to the com' 

 mencement of the second revolution of each volute. 



In the temple of Erectheus, the column terminates 

 with a fillet and astragal a little below the eye of the vo- 

 lute ; and in the temple of Minerva Polias, it is termina- 

 ted with a single fillet. In both instances, the colerino 

 or neck is decorated with honey suckles. The upper 

 annular moulding of the column is of a semicircular stc- 

 tion with a guilloche. 



The capitals of both Greek and Roman Ionics have 

 the cschinus, astragal, and fillet ; the eschinus is always 

 cut into eggs, surrounded with borders of angular sec- 

 tions with tongues between them ; the astragal consists 

 of a row of beads, having two small ones inserted be- 

 tween every two large ones. In all the Roman build- 

 ings, except the Coliseum, these mouldings are cut in the 

 same manner. 



When Ionic columns stand in the flanks as well as the 

 fronts of a building, two volutes at the corner of each 

 angular column is contrived to present the same form in 

 the flank as in the front, as in the temple of Bacchus at 

 Teos, of Minerva at Priene, Erectheus, and that of the 

 Muses at Athens, and likewise of Fortuna Vinlis at 

 Rome: the angular capitals have, in all these instances, one 

 volute on each side, projected in a curve towards the 

 angle. Amongst the ancient Romans, as at the temple 

 of Concord at Rome, the capitals of all the columns are 

 made to face the four sides of the abacus ; and it was 

 from this specimen that Scammozzi, encouraged by the 

 example of Michael Angelo, composed the capital upon 

 this principle, which bears his name. 



The following examples will shew the number of flutes Examplet. 

 and their form in the temples of the Ilyssus. Erec- 

 theus and Minerva Polias at Athens, Bacchus at Teos, 

 Minerva Polias at Priene, and Apollo at Didymeus, 

 near Miletus ; each column has 24 flutes, and as many 

 fillets. The columns of the aqueduct of Adrian, the 

 Ionic colonnade near the Lantern of Demosthenes, and 

 the great theatre at Laodicea, also at the temple of Con- 

 cord, the second order of the Coliseum, and the theatre 

 of Marcellus at Rome, have their shafts plain ; but the 

 columns of the temple of Fortune, at the same place, 

 have 24 flutes. The section of the flutes of the columns, 

 in the temple on the Ilyssus at Athens, is elliptical ; the 

 flutes descend and follow the curve of the scape of the 

 column in the following specimens, viz. the temple of 

 Minerva Polias, and of Erectheus at Athens, the tem- 

 ple of Bacchus at Teos, and Minerva Polias at Priene. 



Method of describing the Ionic Voltile. 



To describe the Ionic volute with any number of re- 

 volutions or quarters to any given height, and to touch 

 a circle of a given radius within the spiral. 



Let AB, Plate CLXXXIV. Fig. 1. No. 1. be the 

 height of the volute. Divide AB into two equal parts 

 at C. From AB cut off AD, equal to the radius of the 

 eye. Divide DC into as many equal parts as the volute 



Rulei to 

 describe 

 the Ionic 



Vdlute. 



I'LATE 

 CLXXXtV. 



Fig. 1. 



