GOG 



CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



.v. . 



j at bcforr, make OA, No. 2, equal to OA, No. I ; 

 and nuke OA equal to the distance of the shorter ends. 

 Take OA with the longer ends, and mark the distance 

 .iiih the shorter ends. Again, take Oc with the 

 longer ends and mark O</ with the shorter end;. Pro- 

 ceed in this manner through the whole eight points, 

 which are the number in a revolution. Draw OB of 

 any length, making anr angle with OA ; draw AB, 

 AB, cB, rfB, &c. Take the successive distances OA, 

 OA, Of, Od, tic. upon the edge of an ivory rule or 

 '.might slip of paper, and apply them in No. 1. from O 

 to A, from O to B, from O to C, &c. to I, marking the 

 points A, B, C, D, &c. Ir. No. 2, draw i E parallel to 

 OB, cutting AB at E ; draw EF parallel to AO, cut- 

 ting iB at G ; drew GH parallel to OB, cutting OB at 

 :>nd draw HI parallel to AO. Then EF will be 

 a scale to set off the second revolution in the same man- 

 ner as the first ; and in like manner H 1 will be a scale 

 for the third revolution. By this means, and from the 

 same scale, the whole number of intermediate spirals 

 may be drawn without pricking the paper, marking the 

 points with a sharp pencil instead of a steel point. 

 I'n-p To describe the proportional spiral with a compass, 



'** ****" the same data being given as before, Fi^. 3. 

 TiiTt I.; t the point C be ascertained as before. Join ABC, 



. t by a perpendicular BD ; make BD equal 

 to BA or BC ; draw DA and DUG, and the diagonal 

 DOF; at right angles thereto draw HOJ. Draw HFE 

 para' G parallel to DUG; proceed to- 



the centre with every succeeding point in the same 

 manner ; and 1), II, F, .1, &o. will be the centres. From 



: IOCC DA, describe the quadrantal arc 

 . tiom II, with the distance HC, describe the qua- 

 drantal arc GE ; from H, with the distance HE, de- 

 icnb? the quadraMal arc EG ; proceed in this manner 

 until as n-.n.y quadrants are described as that the last will 

 ye ol the volute, and this will complete one of 

 the spirals. Suppose again it were required to draw ano- 

 >f the interior spirals through the point M in the 

 c-ilhetus OA ; draw MN parallel to AC, cutting OC at 

 N, then N will be the next point in the quadrant ; pro- 

 ceed to find all the succeeding quadrants of this spiral as 

 before, and thus the volute may be completed. 



Central The general proportions of the Ionic order for prac- 



KOJXJC. tice, is as follows. Fig. 1. Divirfc the whole height 

 , ' c into twenty-one equal parts ; give four to the height of 



"""' the entablature. Divide the height of the entablature, 

 CLIX. F'g- 2. into three equal parts ; make the cornice, frie/e, 

 . i. and architrave, each one part : divide the height of the 

 architrave into four equal parts; give one to the mould- 

 ings of the upper part or capital : divide the capital of 

 the architrave into nine equal parts ; give one to the up- 

 per fillet, three to the cavctto, four to the ovolo, and one 



bead : divide the height of the frieze into six equal 

 parts ; and give the upper one to its capital : divide the 

 height of the cornice into three equal parts; divide the 

 upper part into six parts, give one to the upper fillet, 



j recta, and one to the lower I'llet, and 

 downwards for the ovolo under; divide the 

 lower third of the cornice into six equal parts, and dis- 

 pose of the parts as appears by the scale. The height 

 uf the biu-, including the plinth, is half the diameter; 

 jrt; are proportioned in height as appears by the 

 The whole height of the capital h three-fourths 

 upper diameter ; the height of the volute 7-l'2tlis 

 f the lower diameter. Dividing the height of the vo- 

 hite into three equal parts ; the top of the lower one 

 >i to tLc bottom of tiic ovolo the second division 



upon the t. ; ^toon : the smaller members will be Practice. 



found by subdivision. The juttiugs of the members are ""^ "V^ 1 

 as follows: the cornice projects c;. M! to its height; 

 the projections of the intermediate members will appear 

 fufriciently clear by the horizontal scale* affixed to the 

 Plate. '1 he general . of the bate is one-sixth 



of the lower dian column. 



The entablature is principally imitated from the ele- 

 gant example of the temple of Minerva 1'olias at Priene, 

 and the capital from the Ionic temple on the llyssus 

 at Athens, which is one of the boldest examples, and 

 marks the character of the order in the rao-l decided 



manner. 



Of the Corinthian Order. 



Unless we admit t'ne account given by Vitruvius re. 

 specting the invention of the capital by Callimaciius, who 

 is said to have been an Athenian sculptor, and a contem- 

 poraiy of Phidias about 54-0 B. C. there is no certain 

 evidence with regard to the time when this order was 

 established. Pausanias (book viii.) says, thr.t in the 

 fourth century before the Christian a;ra, it v.as introdu- 

 ced by Scopas in the upper range of coli.n.n; in the an- 

 cient temple of Minerva at 'IV^iM ; lr.it it )>:; Iven ailed- 

 ged, that there is a strong probability that this temple 

 was only begun by Scopas, but being left unfinished, had 

 this upper range added, upon the lower ancient Doric, 

 under Roman influence. There must certainly have been 

 some particular reason why tnis ordtr was called Corin- 

 thian ; but Doric remains only have been discovered on 

 the site of that city by modern visitors. 



In all the examples in Stuart's Athena, this order has 

 an attic base ; the upper fillet of the trochilus or scotia 

 projects as far as the upper torus. In the monument of 

 Lysicratcs, the upper fillet of the base projects farther 

 th.i.i the upper torus, which is an inverted ovolo. 



Vitruvius observes, that the shaft has the same propor- 

 tions as the Ionic, except the difference which arose from 

 the greater height of the capital, it being a whole diame- 

 ter, whereas the Ionic is only two-thirds of it. But this 

 column, including the base and capital, has, by the mo- 

 derns, been increased to ten diameters in height. If the 

 entablature is enriched, the shaft should be fluted. The 

 number of flutes and fillets are generally 21; and fre- 

 quently the lower one third of the height has cables or 

 reeds, husks, spirally twisted ribbands, or eome cort of 

 flowers inserted on them. 



The great distinguishing feature of this order is its ca- 

 pital, (see Plate CLX.) which has for two thousand 

 years been acknowledged .the greatest ornament of this 

 school of architecture. The height is one diameter of 

 the column, to which the moderns have. added one-bixth 

 more. The body, or nucleus, is in the shape of a bell, bas- 

 >r vase, crowntd with a quadrilateral abacus, with 

 concave sides, each diagonal of which is equal to two 

 diameters of the column. The lower part of the capital 

 consists of two rows of leaves, eight in each row ; one of 

 the upper leaves fronting each side of the abacus. The 

 height of each row is one-seventh, and that of the aba- 

 cus one-eighth of the whole height of the capital. The 

 space which remains between the upper leaves and the 

 abacus is occupied by little stalks, or slender caulicolx, 

 which spring from between every two leaves in the upper 

 row, and proceed to the corners, and also to the middle 

 of the abacus, where they are formed into delicate volutes. 

 The sides of the abacus are moulded, as in the Stoa, or 

 portico, and arch of Adrian at Athens, and also the ruin 

 at Salonica : the curves of the sides are continued un- 

 til they meet in a sharp horn or point. In the attic ca- 



V!j 

 oiJcr. 



ur 



by Scopas. 



H is . 

 tic base. 



Shaft com- 

 pared wi 

 Ionic. 



Capital. 

 PLAT i 

 CLX. 



Dr;crip- 



tioii. 



