CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



607 





pital, the small divisions of the leaves were pointed in 

 imitation of the acanthus. In Italy they most generally 

 resembled the olive. 



The best specimens are the monument of Lysicrates, 

 the Stoa, and arch of Adrian at Athens ; and the p.in- 

 of Agrippa, and the three columns of the Campo 

 Vaccino at Rome. In the monument of Lysicrates, the 

 lower part of the capital consists of two rows of leaves ; 

 the lower row is plain, and the upper one raffled ; and 

 the latter is nearly t \vice the height of the former. The 

 number of leaves in the upper row is eight, in the lower, 

 sixteen. In the upper row, the sides of the middle leaf, 

 upon each fr^nt of ','ie capital, is covered by the flank 

 leaves ; and the whole of the leaves appear as if fastened 

 to the body, or hell part, by a rose-headed pin, on each 

 side of the flank leaves. Each of the helices, or stalks, 

 proceeds from the sides of the middle leaf at the top of 

 each row, as if they sprung from one common vertical 

 stalk ; then rising upwards, they take a direction to- 

 wards the left, in a line of contrary curvature, and ter- 

 minating in felin ?. T!i volutes in the middle of the 

 capital are quadruple, each one of each pair of cr.c side, 

 meeting each one of the other pair upon that side. And 

 ns each pair of volutes spring from the same trunk, and 

 begin at the same horizontal position of the curve, each 

 one of each pair is turned outward, and varies in size, 

 the lesser being above, and the greater below. The four 

 volutes form a curvil-neur quadrilateral figure, by having 

 their convex aides presented to each other. The upper 

 --r pair support --suckle which covers the 



middle part of the abacus. The corners of the abacus 

 are cut off; and the hollow or lower member forms an 

 inverted sco'ia, which is nearly four times the height of 

 the crowning ovolo. 



It may be observed generally, in the Greek Corinthian, 

 that the volutes terminate in a point in the natural spi- 

 ral, without either coiling round a circular eye, or bend- 

 ang backwards in a serpentine form, as in most of the 

 Roman specimens. 



This order seems never to have been much employed 

 in Greece before the time of the Roman conquest ; but 

 this powerful people employed it almost exclusively in 

 every part of their extensive empire; and it is accordingly 

 in edifices constructed under their influence that the 

 most perfect specimens are found. 



We have already noticed the remark of Vitruvius, that 

 Corinthian columns were sometimes surmounted by a Do- 

 ric entablature, which, besides that it is in itself very ex- 

 traordinary, is not supported by any antique example 

 n >w to be found. His observation respecting the Ionic 

 entablature over the same kind of columns is verified in 

 a number of instances. 



The arch of Adrian at Athens, has a cornice with 

 dentils, a plain frieze, an architrave with two plain facia;, 

 and an attic base. 



A temple at Jackly, near Mylassa, has a cornice with 

 dentils, a swelled frieze, an architrave with three plain 

 facia;, and an attic base. 



At Salonica, (the ancient Thessalonica,) a building 

 called the Incantada, has a cornice with dentils, a swelled 

 frieze ornamented with fiutings, an architrave with three 

 plain facia, and an attic base. 



The temple of Vesta, or Tivoli, has a plain cornice, 

 with a dentil band uncut, an ornamented frieze, an archi- 

 trave with two plain faciae, and an attic base. 



At Rome, the temple of Antonir.us and Faustina has 

 a plain cornice, with the dentil band uncut, an ornament- 

 ed frieze, an architrave with two faciae divided by an as- 

 tragal, and an attic bate. 



Practke. 



The portico of Septimius Severus, in the same city 

 has a plain cornice, with a small uncut dentil band, a r ~~> co ^f 

 p!,.in frieze, and an architrave with three facise divided Scl , t j m i u , 

 by mouldings. ! Severn*. 



In all these instance?, the entablature and base are si- 

 milar to those generally observed in the Ionic order, from 

 which these Corinthian examples differ only in the form 

 of their capitals. But in those which we are now about to 

 cite.jt will appear, that the Romans attempted to give the 

 Corinthian order a more distinct character, by appropi!- 

 ating to it a peculiar entablature and base, and thus ma- 

 king a complete order of what might be previously re- 

 garded as a composition, in which light Vitruvius seems 

 to have considered it. 



The portico of the pantheon has a cornice with mouil- Pantheon, 

 lions, and an uncut dentil band, a plain frieze, an arciii- 

 tr.ive with two facia; divided by mouldings, and a Corin- 

 thian base. 



The Temple of Peace, at Rome, has a cornice with mo- Temple of 

 dillions and dentils, a plain frieze, and an architrave with Peace - 

 three fr.cir.- divided by mouldings. 



In the Campo Vaccine, the three columns supposed by Campo 

 some to have belonged to a temple of Jupiter Stator, and Vac 

 by others to a temple dedicated to Julius Csesar, have a 

 cornice wa'.h modillions and dentils, a flat frieze, an archi- 

 trave with three faciae divided by mouldings, and a Co- 

 rinthian buse. 



The temple of Jupiter Tonans, at Rome, has a cor- JnpiterTo- 

 nice with raodillions and dentils, a flat frieze, and an ar- nans, 

 chitrave with three facix divided by mouldings. 



The arch of Constantine has a cornice with modillions ''origan, 

 and dentils, a plain frieze, an architrave with three plain tinc ' s " el> ' 

 facix, and an attic base. 



At Ephesug, the temple supposed by Chandler to have Temple at 

 been erected by permission of Augustus, in honour of E P" CSU9 ' 

 his uncle Julius, has a cornice with modillions and den- 

 tils, a swelled and ornamented frieze, an architrave with 

 three facia; divided by mouldings, and an attic base. 



The Maiion Quarre, at Nismes, has a cornice with Nismes. 

 modillions and dentils, a flat frieze, an architrave with 

 three facia: divided by mouldings, and an attic base. 



To these we may add the following, in which the al- 

 teration seems but partially to have taken place ; there 

 being neither dentils nor dentil bands in the cornices, and 

 the mutules, from their situation, appearing rather like a 

 variation from the proper Ionic dentil, than a new num- 

 ber. 



A portico at Athens, supposed by Mr Stuart to be Pwtic* at 

 the ancient Pcecile : a cornice with mutulee of tv.'O square At ' ie "*- 

 faces, an archkrave with two plain facix, Li:d sn Attic 

 base. 



The frontispiece of Nero, at Rome : a cornice v.'ith Frontii- 

 mutules of two square faces, an ornamented frieze, and an P'e of 

 architrave with two facia:, divided by an ogee. 



Of the modern architects who have treated of this or- Moderni. 

 der, Palladio makes the column &| diameters high, one-- p,i]i a( j4 0- 

 fifth of which he gives to the entablature, consisting of a 

 cornice with modillions and dentils, a flat frieze, and an 

 architrave with three faciae, divided by astragals ; the 

 base is attic. The design of Scammpzzi bears a general s f :animoz - 

 resemblance to that of Palladio, but his column has ten 

 diameters in its altitude ; his entablature is one-fifth of 

 this height ; the cornice has modillions, the architrave 

 consists of three facia:, divided by astragals, and the base 

 is attic. Serlio, following Vitruvius, has given this or- Ser!io. 

 der an Ionic entablature, with dentils, and the same pro- 

 portion of the capital ; his column is nine diameters high, 

 and has a Corinthian base. Vignola's Corinthian is a VignoU. 

 grand and beautiful composition, chiefly imitative of the 



