CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



617 



Jupiter O- 



lympus at 



Practice, thenon. It was situated at the east end, and under the 

 ""Y""'' brow of a. hill, and was encompassed by the fortress. 

 The length, including th*-pronaus or portico, was 216 

 feet ; the breadth of the cell about 150. The temple was 

 originally in aiiiix, or without exterior columns. Under 

 Demetrius the Phalerian, the celebrated architect Philo 

 added a magnificent portico, the outer row of which con- 

 sisted of ten, and the inner row, between the antx, of 

 eight Doric columns. They were C feet 6 inches in dia- 

 meter, and fluted, commencing six inches from the bot- 

 tom of the shaft. From the inside of the column to the 

 face of the wall, the pronaus was 4-2 feet 6 inches deep, 

 and about 140 feet in width. The columns on the pave- 

 ment within, and their capitals, were by Corztius. Me- 

 tagenes of Xypate added the architraves on the upper 

 pillars, which sustained the. roof. It is said that ano- 

 ther person completed the edifice. The peribolous, or en- 

 closure which encompassed the north-east and south sides, 

 was 387 feet from north to south, and 328 from east to 

 west. On the west side it joined the angles of the tem- 

 ple. Between the west wall of the enclosure and the 

 temple, and the wall of the citadel, was a passage 42 feet 

 6 inches wide, which led to the summit of a high rock. 

 At the north-west angle of the enclosure are the traces of 

 a temple in artlis 71 feet 6 inches long, and 54 wide, pro- 

 bably sacred to Triptolemus. North of the enclosure 

 are marble fragments of the Doric and Ionic orders, 

 thought to be the remains of the temples of Diana Pro- 

 pylea, of Neptune, and of the Propyleum, or gateway. 



The temple of Jupiter Olympus, at Olympia in Elis, 

 from a design of the architect Libon, was of the Doric 

 order, 231 feet long, 96 broad, and 68 high. On one 

 pediment, Oenomans and Peleus were disputing the prize 

 of the race in the presence of Jupiter ; on the other wss 

 the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithx. On the sum- 

 mit of each pediment was a Victory of gilt brass ; and 

 at each angle a large vase of the same metal. The la- 

 bour* of Herculea decorated the gates, in the Doric 

 temple of Jupiter Olympus at Girgenti, the ancient Agri- 

 gentum, which were more than 12 feet diameter. Those 

 of Silenus, now remaining, are ten feet. 



The celebrated temple of Diana at Ephesus, construct- 

 ed at the joint expense of all Asia, was of the Ionic or- 

 der, and designed by Ctesiphon the Cnosian, and his son 

 Metagenes, who wrote a treatise upon it. It was si- 

 tuated at the foot of a mountain and the head of a marsh, 

 a place chosen, in Pliny's opinion, as least subject to 

 earthquakes. In order to protect the site of the struc- 

 ture, drains were constructed to collect and convey the 

 water along the skirts of the mountain. By the same 

 author we learn, that, in order to render the foundations 

 secure, they first laid a thick bed of charcoal well ram- 

 med, and upon that one of wool j and that the quantity 

 of stones employed in the foundationi of the edifice and 

 drains was such as to require quarries so extensive as to 

 be in after ages taken for a labyrinth. The temple was 

 425 feet in length, 220 in breadth, and 70 in height. It 

 had a double row of Ionic columns along the flanks of the 

 celL In page 361 of Wren's Parantalia, are the follow- 

 ing observations respecting this structure. "-The co- 

 lumns being sixty feet high, the diameter, according to 

 rule, must be 6 feet 8 inches, that is, one-ninth part. 

 Thus every column would contain 110 tons of marble, 

 besides base and capital ; and the vast stones of the en- 

 tablature, but more especially of the middle intercolumn, 

 which being wider than the rest, to open more way for 

 the entrance, as usual in Greek temples, was about 22 

 feet, and could not bear its own weight, unless the archi. 



voi,. vi. PART: u. 



Practice. 



Diana at 



trave and frieze were of one stone, which together would 

 be above loft tons; the setting of which (for it seems ^T"" 

 the architect despaired) was miraculously attributed to 

 the goddess herself, as beyond the reach of human skill. 

 Thirty-six of the columns were by the hands of Scopas, 

 a famous statuary of the school of Praxiteles ; and the 

 outward walls of the cella were adorned with pictures 

 about the time of Apelles." According to Pliny, 400 

 years were employed in constructing this temple. 



In the Ionic temple of Diana at Magnesia, designed Diana at 

 by that Hermogenes whose merits are highly extolled by Magiie>i;i. 

 Vitruvius, the general dimensions are the same as the 

 Dipteros ; but having, in order to obiain more free 

 space under the flank porticos, omitted the inner range 

 of columns, he thereby established the pseudo-dipteros ; 

 but unless he continued the wooden beams of the roof 

 over this increased space, this mode was impracticable, 

 unless when the quarries afforded marble blocks of very 

 large dimensions. 



In the magnificent temple of Minerva at Tegea, de- Minerva at 

 signed by Scopas, the peristyle which surrounded the Tegea. 

 temple consisted of columns of the Ionic order ; but in 

 the cell, which was divided into three aisles by two rows 

 of columns, each row consisted of two heights, the 

 lower range being of the Doric, and the upper of the 

 Corinthian order ; and this is the only instance in which 

 two different orders are placed one above the other in a 

 Greek temple. And where the Corinthian order is at all 

 introduced, these circumstances have induced an able cri- 

 tic (Knight On Taste, p. 178.) to suppose, that these 

 upper columns have been, during a repair of the edifice, 

 raised after the Roman conquest. In this temple, the 

 sculpture in both pediments was by Scopas ; the subject 

 of the one was the hunting the wild boar of Caledon, in 

 which the figures of Hercules, Theseus, Pirothous, and 

 Castor, were conspicuous ; on the other pediment was 

 exhibited the combat of Achilles and Telcphus. 



There is no vestige of any temple in Greece of the j,,pit e r o- 

 Corinthian order previous to the Roman conquest ; for lynipui at 

 the temple of Jupiter Olympus at Athens, though bepjun Athen. 

 by Pisistratus, was built under the reign of Hadrian, by 

 Cossutius, a Roman citizen (Vitruv.). Its length, mea- 

 sured on the upper step, was 35* feet 2 inches ; the 

 breadth 171 feet 2 inches. There were ten columns in 

 the outer rows, at each end ; and 21 along each sidr, 

 (counting those at the angles'twice). Their diameters were 

 6 feet 6.85 inches, and 6 feet 4.332 inches, and the height 

 (JO feet. The shafts were fluted, but not to -an edge. 

 The bases were attic. There was one row of column* 

 along each side, in the inside of the cell. The length of 

 the court which encompassed the temple was 688 feet 

 6.5 inches ; the breadth 463 feet 5.87 inches. But this 

 magnificent work cannot be termed Grecian. 



Having explained the several denominations uailcr Central 

 which the Greek temples were known, and given some remark*. 

 account of ten of them, we conceive it quite unnecessary 

 to pursue this part of the subject further, especially aa 

 the elementary parts have already been discussed and il- 

 lustrated in treating of the different orders, &c. ; we shall 

 therefore now proceed to give a description of a Greek 

 house aud villa. 



The Greek houses generally consisted of two sets of p, ; v ate 

 apartments ; the upper story for the women, the lower housev 

 for the men. The roofs had terraces, with a large pro- 

 jection at each extremity. A considerable number had 

 gardens behind them, and a small court in the front, or 

 rather a sort of portico, at the end of which there was a- 

 ii 



