c,18 



CIVIL AKTHITECTURE. 



' i t 



I'LATl 



At ihil place there was alw*\i < idler the ligure 

 of Mercury or a dog, to liigl' 1 . ..ha an altar 



. -olio, upon which the matter Merited on certain 

 day*. In procets of time, wings were added to tl.e 

 house*, and the apartment* of the husband and wife 

 were both placed on the tame floor. 



The house of Ulysses, which must have been the pa- 

 Uce of Ithaca, had a court before it, surrounded by a 

 stone-wall with a coping. In this the gateway .had fold- 

 ing doors j but there appears to have been only one apart. 



nt for receiving and entertaining strangers ; and in this 



the slaughtering and cooking were likewise performed. 

 It was entered immediately from the court. One stair 

 led from it to the roof, and another to the storerooms, 

 or perhaps the bedroom*. The floor was below the level 

 of the threshold, and was paved with stone. The win- 

 dows must have been very high, as the suitors, when 

 attacked, could not reach them. The arta of this apart- 

 ment must have been very extensive, but we have no 

 data for ascertaining the precise dimensions. 



In Plate CLX1. tnken from Palladio's explanation 

 of the description given by Vitruvius, it will be seen, 

 that the Greeks, iu their most magnificent villas, had 

 uo vestibule adjacent to the street, but a narrow pas- 

 cage, or gateway, on one side of which were stables, and 

 on the other porters' lodges. From this passage there was 

 an entrance to the peristylium, which had porticos on three 

 side*. On the side facing the entrance, or that which 

 looked towards the south, there was no portico, but a 

 wide aperture, with antz on each hand, which led into 

 an oblong porch. On <he right and left of these were 

 three apartments on each side, called antichamber, cham- 

 ber, and backroom. Behind these wf re apar. mints for 

 the women and their attendants ; and round the por- 

 tico were rooms for dining, sleeping, and servants' 

 rooms. Behind this edifice was another still more mag- 

 nificent suit of apartments, appropriated wholly to the 

 men. Here the peristylium was of greater extent, 

 and the rooms more spacious and highly decorated. 

 The porticos of this peristylium were four : They were 

 sometimes all of an equal height ; and sometimes three 

 of them only, the fourth, or that on the north side, be- 

 ing higher than the rest. The dining-room fronted the 

 north, a* did the rooms for pictures. Those for conver- 

 sation, or sleeping, looked to the west, and the libraries 

 toward the east. 



Apart from all these edifice*, on either side, the lod- 

 gings for stranger* were separated by passages, and were 

 d by distinct gate*. They consisted of complete 

 suits of apartment*, with store-rooms furnished with 

 provisions ; and here, after the first day's visit, they re- 

 sided io a separate dwelling. 



Of Roman Temples. 



The Romans did not, like the Greeks, adhere to sim- 

 plicity in the form of their temples ; they, on the con- 

 trary, deviated into every shape, even to complicated 

 combinations of circle* and triangles ; but as it would 

 be as endless as useless to notice such frivolities, we shall 

 only select a few of the best specimens, which were ei- 

 ther of an oblong or circular form. 



Tempi* of Of those, in which the outlines inclosed an oblong 

 (pace, the great temple of Peace at Rome is the most 

 noted example} and this was likewise the largest of the 

 Roman temples. In our descriptions and dimensions of 

 this, and also the other ancient remains at Rome, we 

 thall be chiefly guided by Desgodetz, who seems to have 

 been at great pains in measuring and delineating them 

 vith accuracy. 



Tiiu temple was begun by Claudiu*, and completed 



Tonplo. 



by Vespasian ; who, when he had sul-JueJ Judet, pU. 

 crd there the spoils of the Jewish temple. (See Plate 

 CLXIV.) Jt was in length fifty-six fathoms, 

 French feet), and forty-threc fathoms (858 French teet) 

 in breadth j at the entrance, there was a lobby or porch 

 of the same breadth as the temple. This porch had 

 five entrances, of which three led immediately into the 

 great middle division or nave ; the other two opened in- 

 to the side divisions or aisles, which were not carried un 

 so high as the nave. The breadth of the nave was ?7 

 feet 5 inches,. and each side aisle 48 feet. The ceiling or 

 roof of the na.ve was an immense groined vault, which 

 rested upon eight Corinthian columns. The aisles had 

 also vaults lengthwise, which were intersected by others, 

 that covered the recesses or chapels which projecte-i 

 outward from their side walls. The middle recess of 

 the aisles, as well as that at the end of the nave, 

 circular like large niches, and nine fathoms wide. Th 

 recesses, which have not large niches, have two rows of 

 arched windows in them, three in each row ; there is 

 also over each recess a large window, five fathoms broad. 

 The soffits of all the vaults, and also the coverings of 

 the niches, are ornamented with octagonal sunk pannel?, 

 formed with stucco. Excepting the entrance, whic! 

 a portico composed of columns and a pediment, all tl. : 

 outside was quite plain. We are informed by Desgi 

 that the only remaining column, (we suppose he means 

 of the portico), was removed by Pope Paul V. ; it stands 

 before the church of St Mary Major, supporting an 

 image of the Virgin in bronze. It is of white marble, 

 of the Corinthian order, 5 feet S{ inches (French) 

 diameter at the bottom ; the shaft (of one piece) is 4" 

 feet 3 inches high. The architrave and cornice are en- 

 riched ; the frieze is plain. 



Montfaucon says, that this temple was 34-0 feet lone; 

 by 250 broad, that the portico was 240 feet long by 30 

 broad ; that there were eight columns in front, each 1 

 feet 9 inches diameter. Serlio gives a plan with eight 

 small columns, viz. two on each side of four niches ; and 

 Laurus gives an elevation with only six columns ; so that 

 there seems to be very little certainty as to the portico. 

 Beside the Jewish temple, Egypt contributed to enrich 

 this repository of spoils ; for within it was placed the 

 celebrated groupe of black marble, representing the Nile 

 and sixteen children, expressive of the sixteen cubits rise 

 of that river. In the time of Commodus the inside was 

 burnt by an incendiary. 



Though of much smaller dimensions, the square house 

 at Nismcs, and the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, 

 are n.ore in the Greek manner, their general form being 

 oblong without any breaks. The former \va; built by 

 Hadrian ; it is 74> feet long, and H in breadth ; the por- 

 tico consists of six fluted Corinthian columns in front, 

 and three in depth ; on the flanks, counting those at the 

 angles, there are eleven columns, but those opposite the 

 sides and arricre end of the cell, are only semi-columns 

 attached to the walls. The temple of Fortuna Virilis 

 at Rome, (See Plate CLXIV.) is still smaller, being 

 only 54 feet 8j inches in length from center to center of 

 the angular columns, and 28 feet 8^ inches in width. It 

 has only four columns in breadth of portico, and two in 

 depth ; and in the pronaos the two inner ones are omit- 

 ted ; and instead of th? side walls being continued and 

 finished with antse as in Greece, there are columns at- 

 tached to each of the external walls of the cells, which 

 shew a semi-column both in front and flank ; along the 

 flanks and arricre end of the cell are semi attach: 

 lumns. The columns are beautiful Roman Ionic, fluted 

 and raised upon a pedestal, which, including two steps 

 n the top of it, also surround the edifice, is 10 K 



Practice. 



C.r iin 



Square 

 home at 

 Niunet. 



Temple of 



Fortuna 



Virilis at 



Rome. 



PLATE 



CLXIV. 



