CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



623 



-> distant. They are 2 feet 4 inches diameter, and, including 

 '""i""' the bases and capitals, 21 feet 10 inches high. They stand 

 upon a pedestal 7 feet 3f inches high ; and, from the pave- 

 ment upon which it stands to the top of the entablature, 

 the height is 33 feet. The inside diameter of the cell is 

 Isl feet 2 inches, and the walls are 2 feet \\ inch thick. 

 The door and windows are narrower at top than bottom. 



The temple of Vesta, at Rome, is nearly on the same 

 model. It is surrounded by 20 Corinthian fluted co- 

 lumns, 2 feet 11 inches diameter. They also stand up- 

 on a.pedestal, and at the distance of 7 feet 2 inches from 

 the outside of the wall of the cell. Their height, in- 

 cluding the base and capital, is 31 feet 9 inches. The 

 inside diameter of the cell is 26 feet 2 inches. The wall 

 is 2 feet If inch. The dado of the pedestal is plain, but 

 the outside of tlie wall of the cell is rusticated. 



The temple of Faunus at Rome, (See Plate CLXIII.) 

 built by the Emperor Claudius upon the Celian Mount, 

 is likewise of a circular form, but is, in many respects, dif- 

 ferent from those we have just described. The interior body 

 of the building, which rises to a very considerable height,' 

 is supported by low coupled Ionic columns, with an en- 

 tablature ; upon this a solid wall is carried up to rather 

 more than equal to the height of the before mentioned 

 order ; at this height is placed a row of windows with 

 semicircular tops ; the space within this is divided equal- 

 ly by a column, from the capital of which rise two small 

 semicircular arches, having for their other abutments the 

 jambs of the general opening. The space or spandrel 

 between theie small arches and the circumscribing gener- 



unlit at 



PIATE 

 CLXIH. 



Gothic. 



al arch, is pierced by a small circular opening, composing r racuce. 

 the same sort of windows which was afterwards named > ^~V* 

 Saxon, Norman, Gothic. The general wall of the build- 

 ing is carried above the top of the windows about double 

 their height, where it is finished by a cornice. This 

 circular edifice has a division across it, which is carried 

 to the height of the outer wall ; the lower part of thu 

 division is formed by two isolated Corinthian columns, 

 and two pilasters attached to the wall ; the columns are 

 so placed, that the middle space is wider than those on 

 each side. These columns are about once and a half the 

 height of the Ionic column which supported the outer 

 circular wall. Immediately from the capitals, arches are ^"J* 

 turned which support the cress wall ; in this wall are five f ' rom | ie 

 large openings with semi-circular tops ; viz. two over top O f the 

 each of the side, and one over the middle arch. Without capitals, 

 the before mentioned Ionic columns, and at a distance 

 equal to about half the diameter of the space they inclo- 

 sed, is a row of small Corinthian columns, about three- 

 fourths of the height of the Ionic ; these are connected 

 by semicircular arches raised immediately upon the ca- 

 pitals ; over these arches is a solid wall, which, including 

 the arches, is about the same height as the order. These 

 surrounded the whole central building, and formed a 

 series of arcades similar to those afterwards introduced 

 into the Christian churches. 



Besides those we have now described, there were many 

 others, amongst the numerous temples at Rome, which, 

 were very magnificent, as the following dimensions will 

 testify. 



Etampln. 



Diameter at bottom. 

 Feet. 



The temple of Antoninus and Faustina at Rome, 4 



The temple of Jupiter Stator, 4- 



The temple of Jupiter the Thunderer, 4 



The temple of Mars the Avenger, 5 



Basilica of Antoninus, or the temple of Mars 4 



H eight of coluirn. 



including capita! 



and base. 

 /Vet. Incha. 

 43 3 

 43 3 T ' T 



4,3 



Coatral 





Although the Roman architecture differed widely, in 

 many respccti, from that of the Greek specimens we have 

 adduced and referred to, yet it seems probable, that, from 

 the time of the Macedonian conquest, the Greek style 

 had gradually degenerated, and that they had introduced 

 tbil debased manner among the Romans, who generally 

 employed Greek artists, as we learn from the following 

 iTply of the Emperor Trajan to a request of Pliny the 

 consul, to have an architect sent him from Rome to ex- 

 amine a bath at Claudiopolis, a city in Asia, situated 

 near the foot of Mount Taurus. " I entirely leave it to 

 you to advise the Claudiopolitani as you shall think pro- 

 per with relation to their bath, which they have placed, 

 it seems, in a very improper situation. As there is no 

 province that is not furnished with men of (kill and in. 

 jjeriuity, you cannot possibly want architects ; unless 

 you think it the shortest way to procure them from 

 Rome, when it is generally from Greece that they come 

 to us." Letter xlix. 



Whether the Romans removed old columns from the 

 Greek structures for their works at Rome, or employ- 

 ed workmen to quarry and prepare them in Attica, 

 we cannot distinctly make out from the following pas- 

 tage of Plutarch in his life of Publicola, where speaking 

 ut the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was rebuilt, 

 for the fourth time bv Domitian, " The pillars are of 

 Pentilic marble, and the thickness was in excellent pro- 

 portion to the;r length, when we saw them at Athens ; 



but when they were cut and polished anew at Rome, 

 they gained not so much in the polish as they lost in pro- 

 portion, for the beauty is injured by their appearing too 

 slender for their height." But this might arise in some 

 measure from Plutarch, who -was a Greek, having been 

 accustomed to admire the proportions of the Greek 

 Doric in their magnificent temples. 



From the foregoing specimens and descriptions of Ro- 

 man temples, it will be evident, that they, in many re- 

 spects, differed widely from those of the Greeks. The 

 great Temple of Peace was nearly of a square form ; in it 

 there were circular recesses, and a number of arched 

 windows in the outside walls ; and the whole of the in- 

 terior was covered by bold and lofty vaultings ; those of 

 the great middle aisle (77 feet 5 inches in width,) were 

 groined arches. In the temple of Fortuna Virilis at 

 Rome, the columns, excepting those of the entrance 

 portico, were attached to, and only projected half their 

 diameter from, the outside of the walls of the cell. In 

 the Pantheon, instead of a square, a circular form was 

 adopted, and the whole covered with one great spherical 

 vault or dome. With the exception of the grand por- 

 tico, it had all the ornaments, square- recesses, and circu- 

 lar niches for the statues of the Gods, along the inside of 

 the external walls, which left the whole interior space 

 entirely clear. In the temples of Vesta at Rome and 

 Tivoli, though circular, they were encompassed each 

 with a row of 'Corinthian columns, and had their inside* 



