CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



645 



Pr-i-'ice. and kitchens; chimney-pieces in their chambers of state, 

 '*""',"" ** richly carved, and adorned with armorial bearings, mixed 

 with grotesque figures in wood, stone, or alabaster ; 

 raised hearths, long and massy tables of oak, from their 

 bulk calculated to last for centuries. One apartment 

 selddfn omitted in houses of this rank and date, but never 

 found in those of higher antiquity, was a long gallery for 

 music and dancing, sometimes 150 feet long; a-proof that 

 the hall was now beginning to be deserted. At all 

 events, the practice of dining in these great apartments 

 at different tables, according to the rank of the guests, 

 was fcarcely continued below the Restoration. 



The unembattled gentleman's house in towns partook 

 Embattled of the general features of tb above, but were of smaller 

 mansion in dimensions, and without any fortifications. These were 

 towns. j n general retired from the street by a small court, two 

 or three sides of which were enclosed by the house and 

 offices, the rest with walls, and shut up with a gate, usu- 

 ally without any lodge or apartment over it. The most 

 ancient of such houses consisted of a thorough lobby, 

 with a parlour beyond it on one side with ; a stone floor, 

 the kitchen and offices on the other. The partitions 

 were of rude oak, the chimnies wide and open, and the 

 rooms, except the hall and great parlour, low and small. 

 These comfortless habitations were succeeded by the 

 houses of Queen Elizabeth's days. In them the original 

 form was retained, though with considerable improve- 

 ments. The entrance was by an enclosed projecting 

 porch, which led to the hall. This was lighted general- 

 ly by one great square window with cross mullions, a 

 massy oak table beneath, at the lower end a gallery for 

 music, or to connect the apartments above, and a fire- 

 place, embracing in its ample space almost all the width 

 of the room, the Christmas scene of rude and bdsterous 

 festivity ; beyond was uniformly a parlour, and, on the 

 other side, the great chamber, or withdrawing room, 

 sometimes up three or four steps. In the windows of 

 such houses, and those of a rank above them, are found 

 the r< mains of painted glass, in a style which seems to 

 have been fashionable in the seventeenth century ; they 

 consist of arms, cyphers, fiVuresof animals, and scripture 

 histories, or others in small round and oval pieces. Of 

 these the drawing is extremely correct, but the colours 

 faint and dingy, very unlike the deep and glowing tints 

 of the foregoing centuries. These were probably of 

 Flemi-h manufacture. 



The tradesman's house was one, or sometimes two long 

 Tlit ranges united, terminating with gables in the street. The 



tndri- shop occupied the whole breadth next the street, and 

 man's was entirely without glass, like our present unsightly 



l>ur, butchers shops. Behind was a kitchen, and beyond a 

 mall open yard, round which were the warehouses and 

 offices. The pride of the owners were their signs, which 

 denoted the trade or craft by some animal or device. 

 These either projected far into the street from the house, 

 or were stuck upon high timbers opposite the door. In 

 former day?, our towns must have exhibited the appear- 

 ance of the streets of Pekin, rather than of the open and 

 lively air of a modern European city. The barber's so- 

 litary pole, and here and there a heavy gilt sign, project- 

 ing from an inn in an old town, are the only remains of 

 these clumsy and inconvenient ornaments. 



Longleate. Amongst the earliest houseson the Italian model in Eng- 

 land, wah the princely mansion of Longleate, in Wiltshire, 

 the seat of the marquis of Weymouth ; it was built from 

 the designs of Hans Holbein, in the reign of Edward VI. 

 PLATE The plati and elevation maybe seen in Plate CLXXVIII. 

 CLiivni. It surrounds three sides of a parallelogram, measuring 

 externally 220 feet from east to west, and 175 feet from 



north to south. The height is divided into three stories, Practice.^ 

 the lowest has Doric pilasters, &c. the middle Ionic, and ""*" " C~^ 

 the upper Corinthian. In the south or principal front, t ^* 

 in the lower story, there are sixteen windows and a dour ; dimension, 

 in each of the other stories of this front are seventeen 

 windows ; the size of the lower ones is 9 feet X 4 feet 

 6 inches j of the middle 10 feet X 4 feet 6 inches ; and 

 the upper 7 feet x4 feet 6 inches. They are each cur- 

 rounded by a plain slender architrave, and some have 

 tablets and small trusses under the belt which forms their 

 sills, and this belt also forms the cap of the pedt stal of 

 the order. There is a parapet and balusters along the 

 top of the front ; there are also three small cupola--. The 

 entrance door-way has a Doric column and pilaster on , 



each side of it ; over these is an open pediment with arms 

 in the open parts. In this south front, near each extre- 

 mity, there are two square projections, each occupying 

 21 feet in length, and jeparatcd by about an equal dis- 

 tance ; on the east and west sides, are three similar pro- 

 jections, and one at each extremity of the northern side. 



In the principal story, there is a hall 51 X 30 exclusive 

 of the recess; an apartment on the right hand 42x30, 

 exclusive of two recesses ; one on the left 37 X 30, ex- 

 clusive of one recess ; the recesses are 17 X 8. Besides 

 these, there is one apartment 30 X 25 ; one 27 x 23 ; a bed- 

 room 24x23, ditto 31 X 22, ditto 23x22 ; a waiting 

 room, at the entrance, 22 square ; a chapel *7 X 22 ; and a 

 staircase 27 X21, besides others of inferior note. 



From this specimen, it appears, that the school was Remarks.- 

 imported in a very improved state ; its external appear- 

 ance having a perfect regularity, and being nearly free 

 of tawdry ornaments, is evidence of correct taste, and 

 great care in forming the design. By having a separate 

 order for each story, the members are rendered very mi- 

 nute, but in a private dwelling, where several rows of 

 windows are unavoidable, tho.-e slender proportions are 

 more appropriate than in a public edifice. The upper 

 windows are preserved of a good size. In the interior 

 arrangement, the hall, and some of the principal rooms, 

 have their uniformity destroyed by the recesses, and se- 

 veral of them are injured by thorough fares. What has 

 here been described, applies to the house in its original 

 state ; but the whole interior h;.s lately been renovated 

 and improved, with much judgment and success, by Mr 

 Jefferey Wyatt, and is now rendered a very superb ha- 

 bitati./n. 



The next in succession, is the celebrated Inigo Jones, j n ; go 

 who about a century afterwards practised architecture Jone. 

 extensively both in England and Scotland. In his magni- 

 ficent edifice,HEHloT's HOSPITAL, (begun in ll>28,)may Hcriot's 

 be observed many features corresponding with some to be >P"*'" 

 found in Longleate, i niy he has he. L- been more profuse 

 in sculptured ornamentj about do;,ro and windows, and 

 has adhered more to the style of the baro: ial castle. 

 Having formerly described this ediiice pretty fuily, we 

 shall only here recommend attention to the mode of ma- 

 naging the chimney tops, which he has made of a poly- 

 gonal shape, with concave sides. We have in another 

 place already mentioned, that the operation of changing 

 styles from Gothic to Roman, is very perceptible in some 

 parts of this ediiice. 



CASTLE ASIIBV, in Northamptonshire, was a work of Castle 

 the same architect, begun in 1642. It forms three sides Asliby. 

 of a square, whereof two sides consist each of three sto- 

 ries in height, while the one which unites them is only 

 two stories. The tw.> higher sides, like Longleate, are 

 composed of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. 

 The .two upper rows of windows are nearly of an equal 

 size, the lower ones are smaller. This singular feature hat 



