g>iential 

 pint. 



tit order. 



24 order. 



Id order. 



CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



Dimensions of Cathedrals in Foreign Countries. 

 Antwerp, total length 500, transept 330, height of spire 360 feet. 



655 



Practice 



Rouen, do. 



Notre Dame, do. 

 St Ouen, do. 



Batalha, 

 Seville, 



do. 

 do. 



408, breadth of nave and aisles 78, height 100 feet. 



414, do. do. 153 



416, transept 231. 



541, do. 416 



420, do. 263 height 126 



A Moorish tower built of brick, do. 350 



Milan, do. 554, width of nave and side aisles 183, vaulting 184, cupola, 438 



With regard to the form of the essential parts, they 

 are mostly denned in the following description of the 

 three orders of architecture, as given by Dr Milner in hi 

 reply to Mr Whittington ; theirs* order is character- 

 ised during its formation, that is to say, till near the latter 

 end of the 12th century, chiefly by its acute arch (its 

 pillars and other members being frequently Saxon,) but 

 after its formation, not only by the narrowness and acute- 

 ness of its arch, but also by its detached slender shafts, 

 it* groining of simple intersecting ribs, its plain pediments 

 without crockets or side pinnacles, and its windows, 

 which were either destitute of mullions, or have only a 

 simple bisecting mullion, with a single or triple trefoil, 

 quatrt-foil, or other flower, in the head of them. Of this 

 order are the east end of Canterbury, the west end of 

 Lincoln, and the whole of Salisbury cathedral*, besides 

 the transepts of York Minster, and of Westminster Abbey. 

 The second order is marked, not only by the fine turn of 

 its perfect equilateral arch, but also by the cluster co- 

 lumns being, for the moat part, formed each course out 

 of the same stone ; by the elegant, but not over crowd- 

 ed tracery of its windows and groining ; by its crocket- 

 ted pinnacles, tabernacles, and pediments, the latter of 

 which, towards the conclusion of the fourteenth century, 

 were made with an ogee sweep towards the arch they 

 covered. To this order belong the nave of Westminster 

 Abbey, the nave and choir of York Minster, the naves 

 of Winchester, Exeter, and Canterbury cathedrals, 

 Wykcham's two colleges, St Stephen's chapel, &c. The 

 third order is known, not only by the flatness of the point 

 of the arch, but also by its numerous, large, and low de- 

 scending windows, together with the multiplicity and in- 

 tricacy of its tracery; by its pendents from the roof; 

 by the minuteness and profusion of its ornaments, both 

 exteriorly and interiorly ; by its fan-work and numerous 

 shields and devices on the ceiling. To this order belong 

 King's College chapel Cambridge, St George's chapel 

 Windsor, and King Henry the VH'a chapel West- 

 minster. 



One of the finest features of Gothic architecture, and 

 which, in many instances, still forms the most striking 

 ornaments of our cities, is the tall tapering spire, which 

 was first built of wood by the Normans, and afterwards 

 in stone early in the 13th century. In the course of the 

 14th and 15th centuries, they were greatly increased in 

 number. The following are the most noted. 



Although the loftiness of these spires produces a very 

 striking effect, yet it must be evident, to the most super- 

 ficial observer, that much also depends upon the relative 

 dimensions of the tower and spire. The following are St Alk- 

 taken from the church of St Alkmond, in the town of mond, 

 Shrewsbury, which, though not remarkable for magni- op% 

 tude, is reckoned, by persons of good taste, to possess 

 singular elegance of form. The height of the tower, 

 from the surface of the ground, is 70 feet, and it is 22 

 feet square on the outside ; the height of the spire i 

 114 feet, and its diameter at the base 19 feet. 



On the Continent there are some also of great height ; Foreiga 

 that at Vienna being 465, and at Strasburgh 456 feet ; P>re. 

 but in those, as well as at Rouen, Constance, and Bayeux, 

 in France, from the diminution commencing at the base, 

 the general outline has not the same degree of elegance 

 as the English, which are elevated upon lofty square 

 towers. Some of the latter are constructed with walls 

 of incredible thinness, Salisbury spire being only seven inferior t 

 inches. The finest effect is produced by spires whose the EIIJ;- 

 outlines are quite plain, as those at Shrewsbury and ll5 ''. 

 Worcester. St Michael's at Coventry is hurt by sculp- 

 ture. 



Many of the Gothic structures have very lofty square Tower*, 

 towers only, some highly decorated. The tower of the 

 fine church at Boston in Lincolnshire, finished by an oc- 

 tagonal louvre, is 282 ; Lincoln 288 ; Ely 270 ; Canter- 

 bury 235 ; York 284; Gloucester 224 ; Durham 210 ; 

 Beverly 198; St Nicholas, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 194; 

 Derby 174; Taunton 153; Doncaster 152 ; Radcliffe, 

 Bristol, 148 feet in height. 



On the Continent ; the tower built at Florence by 

 Giotto in l:;;u, is 264 feet, diameter 46; the falling 

 tower of Pisa, 188 ; the center tower of St Owen at 

 Rouen, which is octagonal, and built in 1309, is 240 

 feet. 



This variation in the style of ecclesiastical architecture, Obsenra- 

 at it regards spires and towers, is very evident in differ- tlon * 

 ent parts of England. In the counties of Northampton, 

 Leicester, and Huntingdon, spires arc found almost in 

 every village. Whereas in the counties of Lincoln, Suf- 

 folk, and Somerset, towers generally prevail. 



In Gothic architecture, the columns, arches, some W c - 

 particular moulding and buttresses, are members which ' umns - 

 require to be noticed. With regard to the distribution Rules for 

 of columns, it has been observed, that the rule, in our dis 

 finest cathedrals, has been to divide the whole extent 

 from north to south ; that is, including the length of 

 both transepts and the breadth of the choir, into ten 

 parts ; three of these parts or arches were given to each 

 transept, one to each side aisle, and two to the nave or 

 middle aisle ; that the breadth of the side aisles deter- 

 mined the distance at which the columns were placed 

 longitudinally. Perhaps the general mode of distribu- 

 tion may be explained in a still more simple way, by di- 

 viding the breadth of the nave into four, or, in some 

 cases, as in the before-mentioned great church at Milan, 

 into six equal parts ; but, in order to obtain more free 

 space, omitting the row of pillars which would, by this 



I 



