CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



663 



Conclu- Priene ; Ictinus and Carpion upon the Doric temple of 

 sion. Minerva in the citadel at Athens ; Philo upon the sym- 

 ***T'^ metry of sacred edifices ; Hermogenes upon the pseudo- 

 dipteral temple of Diana at Magnesia, and the monopte- 

 ral temple of Bacchus at Teos ; Argelius upon Corin- 

 thian symmetry, and the Ionic temple of TEsculapius at 

 Tralles ; also Nexaris, Theocydes, Demophiles, Pollio, 

 Leonides, Selalanion, Me lampus, Sarnacus, and Uphrana, 

 wrote upon symmetry. Amongst the moderns, Pococke, 

 Wheeler, and Spon, Chardler, Le Choiseul, Stuart, 

 Willey Reveley, Revet, and Pars, have written respecting 

 Greek edifices ; and much information is also to be derived 

 from the travels of Anacharsis. Of the ancient Romans, 

 both the Plinys are good authorities ; but Vitruvius is 

 the only author professedly on the subject, whose works 

 have reached modern times ; and he only mentions two 

 others who had preceded him, that is to say, Terentius 

 Varro, who wrote one book, and Publius Septimus, who 

 wrote two books upon architecture. 



Since the revival of Roman architecture, the writers 

 upon the art have been numerous, but the principal are 

 the foil' iwing : 



ITALIANS. Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastian Serlio, 

 Giacomo Barozzi, usually named Vignola, Andrea Pal- 

 ladio, Vincinzo Scammuzzi, Piranesi. See particularly 

 Eustace's Clastical Tour through Italy. Lond. 1813. 



FRENCH. Philibert de Lorme, Blondel, Claude Per- 

 rault, Deagodetz, J. Rondelet. 



BRITISH. Sir Henry Wotton, Inigo Jones, Lord 

 Burlington, Ware, Wren, Gibbs, Aldrich. Price, Cham- 

 bers, Adam, Stuart ; the Vitruvius Britannicus, begun by 

 Campbell, carried on by Gandon, and lately continued to 

 the present time, by G. Richardson. Although it does 

 not fall within our plan to notice the numerous books of 

 architectural designs, which have of late years made their 

 appearance, we must not omit drawing the attention of 

 the student to the valuable works of Mr Peter Nichol- 

 son, who has successfully applied the principles of geome- 

 try to the elementary parts of architecture, and shewn in 

 what manner this art ought to be regulated by correct 

 science. The writer of this article also here embraces 

 the opportunity of acknowledging that gentleman's aid in 

 what regards this part of the subject. 



Gothic architecture has of late been ably investigated 

 by Wharton, Grose, Bentham, Dallaway, Milner, Whit- 

 tington, Britton, Carter, Dawkins, Sir James Hall, the 

 Rev. J. C. Eustace, Mr Hawkins, Mr Haggit, and in 

 varioua papers in the Arch;eologia. 



For distinct and philosophical information respecting 

 the principles of architecture, the reader is referred to 

 Messrs Stewart, Alison, Gerard, and Knight, who have 

 each written upon the subject of taste, (y) 



Conclu- 

 sion. 



CIV 



ril law. CIVIL LAW, in a general sense, denotes the law of 



> "V"^ any particular state, more commonly called its municipal 



law ; but, in a restricted and more usual sense, it signifies 



the legal institutions of ancient Rome, which are called 



by way of eminence the civil law. 



The Roman laws, proceeding from a variety of sources, 

 had, like the institutions of ;-ny other country which has 

 for a considerable time been advancing in civilization, ac- 

 cumulat' d to a very great and inconvenient extent, when, 

 in 438, Theodosius the younger, then emperor of the 

 West, ordered a digest to be made j which, however, 

 without exploring the other sources of the law, was con- 

 fined to the institutions promulgated by the emperors, 

 and then in furce in his part of the empire. This T/ieo- 

 dotian C'ide was the first attempt at a methodical collec- 

 tion of the Roman jurisprudence, which had the sanction 

 of public authority, for several digests had been previ- 

 ously made by private lawyers, to facilitate the study and 

 practical application of the law. But the most celebra 

 ted collection was that made about the year 533 at the 

 command of Justinian, then emperor of the eastern em- 

 pire. This collection, though posterior in time, did not 

 supersede the authority of Theodosius's code, each be- 

 ing framed for the respective divisions of the empire over 

 which these two emperors presided. So great, however, 

 was the superiority of Justinian's collection, that, upon 

 the dissolution of the empire, it came gradually to be 

 adopted, more or less, even by those states of which the 

 western division had been composed, and now forms part 

 uf the institutions of most of the modern states of Eu- 

 rope. 



Thiscelebratedcollection consists, 1st, Of the Institutes, 

 or elements of the Roman juri-prujti, e, intended as the 

 rudimrnts of its study. 2d, Of the Digettt or Pandects 

 (TJVCT) in 50 books, being selections fruni the wri- 

 tings of eminent lawyers systematically arranged. 3d, 

 Of tlit- Code, or a collection of the constituti i: s of the 

 emperors in 12 b<>ok.., brought down to a 1. .vr (lenod 

 than the TLeodosian code. And 4th, Of the Xovels,or 



CIV 



the new constitutions which had been promulgated from civil law. 

 time to time by Justinian himself, the Code comprising y^*' 

 only those of his predecessors. These different parts 

 form together the body of Roman law known under the 

 title of the Corpus Juris Civilis ; the dicta of which, 

 particularly of the institutes and pandects, being for the 

 most part grounded in the true principles of a compre- 

 hensive utility, according with the moral sentiments of 

 mankind, and expressed with great purity and elegance, 

 have always been held in the highest estimation. 



The revival of the Roman law in Europe, is common- 

 ly ascribed to the accidental discovery of a copy of the 

 digests at Amalfi in Italy, about the year 1130. It is 

 much more probable, however, that it emerged gradual- 

 ly into notice, not by any single accident of this kind, 

 but with the gradual return of civilization which follow- 

 ed the long interval of barbarity, occasioned by the de- 

 cline and final overthrow of the Roman greatness. Cer- 

 tain it is, that Justinian's collection, or the more valuable 

 parts of it, whatever there may be in the fact of the dis- 

 covery at Amalfi, were known and taught in some of 

 the ecclesiastical seminaries in different quarters of Eu- 

 rope before that period. , 



The countries on the continent in which this system 

 of jurisprudence has most authority, are Germany and 

 Holland, where, unless when controuled by local customs, 

 it forms the great body of their common law. In Eng- 

 land it is received, under certain restrictions, in four spe- 

 cies of courts, 1st, The courts of the archbishops and 

 bishops and their derivative officers, usually called courts 

 Christian, curia' Christianitntis,or theecclcbiastical courts. 

 '2d, Tue military courts. 3d, The courts of admiralty. 

 And 4th, the courts of the two universities. In all 

 these courts the authority of this law, and the different 

 extent to which in d'fferent courts it may be pleaded, is 

 grounded not on any authority in the law itself, but en- 

 tirely on the custom or common law of the realm, corro- 

 borated as to the universities by act of parliament. In 

 Scotland, its authority, where not contradicted by post- 



