C I V 



cot 



C L A 



. hai been held by some lawym at Un- 

 tmroount to the common law, and u, indeed, forming 

 a part of il. That itl authority, however, was at no 

 time recognised to o great an extent, seem* the more 

 correct opinion j and it is certain that for at least a cen- 

 tury, it his been recognised no farther than an supported 

 by the riprett dicta, or analogies, of the decisions uf the 

 tupreme court. Where thrte are silent, it may always, 

 when not opposed by established custom or positive en- 

 actment, be pleaded a* argument of grave consideration, 

 bat not at possessing any inherent and controlling au- 

 thority, (i it.) 



CIVITA-VtrciiiA, the Centum Cellaaf the ancients, 

 t seaport town of Italy, situated on a bay of the Medi- 

 terranean, on the arrondissement of Viterbo, and the 

 department of Rome. It has a good harbour and arse- 

 nal, and was formerly the station of the pope's galleys. 

 Not far from the town are the B/igni rie Patazzi, which 

 are hot baths, known to the ancients under the name of 

 Aquer Tauri. There i* als > here a grotto from which 

 sulphureous (.team issues. About six miles from Civita 

 Vecchia are the ruins of Leopold, a town built by Pope 

 Leo IV. in A. D. 854-, and peopled with the inhabi- 

 tants of Centum Celbc. 



Civita-Vecchia has always been considered as next to 

 Ancona in maritime importance; and though the har- 

 bour is not capable of receiving large ships, it is fre- 

 quented by numerous small vessels, which carry on a 

 very extensive trade. The principal manufactures of 

 this place, are those of leather, pottery ware, and linen 

 and cotton cloths. Civita- Vecchia rr ceives all the colonial 

 goods which are consumed in the country, and carries on 

 a considerable export and import trade. The principal 

 exports are burnt sulphur, alum from Rome, grain, oils, 

 wool, timber, salted anchovies, cheese, volcanic and red 

 sand, which is used in making cement for building uiider 

 water. The wood which is exported is principally staves 

 of oak and chesnut, which arc sent to Agde, Cette and 

 Barcelona, and the alum wai generally sent to Venice, 

 France, and Holland. The imports are French wines, 

 woollen and linen cloths, silks, salted fish, citrons, oranges, 

 dry fruits, lint, soaps, and spices. Population in 1811, 

 9000 Ea*t Long. 11 44' 45", and North Lat. 42 

 5' 24". (te) 



CL AC KM ANNAN, the county town of Clackman- 

 nanthirr, is Situated upon a bold -welling ground on the 

 north de of th- river Forth, about 22 miles above Leiili. 

 The name signifies the kirk town or village of Annan, 

 from a connection formed in the 12th century betwixt the 

 farm, e- of Bruce, and Annand ol Annandale. The town 

 is small and irregular : The buildings are humble, many 

 of them going to decay, and are chiefly occupied by la- 

 bourer*, there being no manufactories of any kind carried 

 on in it, excepting a few looms connected with Glasgow. 

 Here the -heriflf ued ti hoi' his courts, but the town- 

 bouse and prison are in ru ns, so that the courts are held 

 at Alloa, except on particular occasions. At the west 

 end of the town, and upon the brow of the hill, is situa- 

 ted Clackmannan tower, built prior to the year 1315, 

 which was for a long period of years the fav. urite scat 

 of the chief of the Bruces, who was hrrtditary sheriff of 

 the county before the jurisdictions were abolished. The 

 tower is rectangular, about 80 feet high ; and from its 

 elevated situation, forms a very picturesque, venerable, 

 and strong feature in the surrounding scenery. Till late- 

 ly there was a mansion-house of more modern date ad- 

 joining, in which a descendant of the line of Bruce lived, 

 and who kept the sword and casque of the celebrated 

 King Robert Bruce. These were bequeathed, with the 



genealogical tree of the family, to the Earl of Elgin, as Claelcnwn. 

 representative of the family, in whose possession they are ' 

 now to be seen. The view from the tower it esteemed " ""V 

 amongst the finest in Scotland ; the leading features of a 

 beautiful landscape being there displayed in the happiest 

 combination. From it the mary course of the river 

 Forth can be traced to a great distance, flowing through 

 fertile fields, adorned with woods, cottages, towns, and 

 vessels, while the horizon is formed by bold mountainous 

 scenery, which, gradually receding from the view, blendi 

 with the western sky. 



The population of the parish is estimated at 2800 souls, 

 of whom 700 live in the town. N. Lat. 56 15', W. 

 Long. 3 40'. (R. B.) 



CLACKMANNAN'SHIRE, a county in Scotland, 

 situated on the north bank of the river Forth, bounded 

 on the north by Perthshire, on the south by the river 

 Forth, on the west by Peitti and Stirling shires, and OB 

 the east by Fife and Perth shires ; is about 10 mile* 

 in length, and 9 miles in breadth. It is one of the small- 

 est c. unties in Scotland, and only returns a member to 

 parliament alternately with Kinross-shire. It is divided 

 into five parishes, viz Clackmannan, All a, Tillycoul- 

 try, Dollar, and Logie ; a part of the latter only is in 

 this county. 



As to its general aspect, the northern part is compo- 

 sed of that beautiful and picturesque range of mountains 

 named the Ochill*, which stretch in an east and west di- - 

 rection. They produce excellent sheep pasture. The 

 western parts being rocky, are pastured by goats, on 

 which account many persons in delicate health resort to 

 Blair Logie in summer for the benefit ot the goat milk. 

 This spot has been denominated the MontptUier of Scot- 

 land ; but the accommodation as to lodging* is very poor 

 and humble indeed. The ground betwixt the Ochills 

 and the sea is hill and dale, fit for the purposes of agri- 

 culture, witti rich alluvial land on the banks of the Forth, 

 termed carse ground. Besides the Forth, which bound* 

 the county on the south, there are two rivers which flow 

 through it, viz. the Devon, and Black Devnn ; these 

 empty themselves into the Forth. The carse or alluvial 

 land upon the banks of the Forth is very strong clay 

 soil, and but little elevated above the level of the sea. 

 The sod which immediately joins the carse upon the 

 north is termed dryfield, and is of sandy loam, mixed 

 with small stones. The hill and dale commences wttb 

 the dryfield, and continues to the bottom ot the Ochill 

 mountains. The dryfield soil next the carse generally 

 rests on a sandy bottom ; but the greater pan of the 

 soil of the swelling grounds rests upon a strong ti .aci- 

 ous red clay, mixed with sand and gravel, is quite imper- 

 vious to water, and is denominated nd till. The curte 

 or alluvial land is of the best quality, producing luxuri- 

 ant crops, and comparatively requires but little manure. 

 The dryfield soil, which rests on a sandy bottom, is not 

 inferior to the carse in point of produce; but the soil 

 which rests upon the red clay is in value v"ry inferior to 

 any of the former, and requires much manure to keep it 

 in good order for crops. In winter, it ia liable to he ex- 

 cessively wet, as the subsoil will ml absorb any of the 

 superabundant moisture. The lower parts of the valley* 

 are generally composed of a strong clay soil, but very 

 different from the carse land. Upon the sides of the 

 Devon, the soil is of a dicp sandy ioam, which bears 

 good crops, and is termed haugh ground. There are a 

 trw inconsiderable patches of moss in the county where 

 the lands arc in cultivation ; it however abounds upon 

 the summit of the Ochills, which is much elevated above 

 the level of the *ea. The improvements in agriculture 



