C L O 



681 



C L O 



Ciibidium Cleves, another part of which is added to the French em- 

 pire, and is comprehended in the department of the Roer. 

 ^Clonmt!!. The Gran<J Ducny o f C ] eves an( ] gerg is divided into 



four departments, as follows : 



Departments. 

 Of the Rhine, 

 Of the Sieg, . 

 Of the Rurh, 

 Of the Ems, . 



Principal towns. Population. 

 Dupseldorff, .... 322,284 

 Dillembourg, .... 133,070 



Dortmund 212,602 



Munster, 210,201 



Total population 878,157 



The principal productions of the duchy are wood, lint, 

 grain, and fruits of all kinds, cattle, and mines of coal, 

 iron, lead, mercury, copper, and calamine. Napoleon 

 Louis, born llth October 1804, is Grand Duke of 

 Cleves and Berg. See RoEn. (it) 



CLIBAD1UM, a genus of plants of the class Mo- 

 ncccia, and order Pentandria. See BOTANY, p. 324-. 



CLIFFORTIA, a genus of plants of the class Dicecia, 

 Snd order Polyandria. See BOTANY, p. 3S8. 



CLIFTON. See BRISTOL, vol. iv. p. 559. 



CLIMATE. See GEOGRAPHY and METEOROLOGY. 



CLINOPODIUM, a genus of plants of the class Di- 

 dynanr.a, and order Gymnospernva. See BOTANY, p. 247. 



CLINTON. See NEW YORK. 



CLITORIA, a genus of plants of the class Diadel- 

 phia, and order Decandria. See BOTANY, p. 283. 



CLOCK. See HOROLOGY. 



CLOISTER. See MONASTERY. 



CLODlUvS. See CICERO, vol. vi. p. 469. 



CLONMACNO1SE. See KING'S COUNTY. 



CLONMELL. a market and post town of Ireland, 

 in the county of Tipperary. It is situated at the ex- 

 tremity of the county, on the banks of the river Suire, 

 which is navigable up to the town for large boats, and the 

 tide flows a little above Clonmell. The principal public 

 buildings are the court-house and the jail ; the former, 

 in which the assizes are held, is a new and handsome 

 building, and the latter has also been recently built up- 

 on Mr Howard's plan. The woollen and cotton manu- 

 factures formerly flourished in this place, but they have 

 now greatly declined. There is here an immense esta- 

 blishment for pickling bacon. Nofewerthan 1200 hogs 

 are annually slaughtered and cured with Liverpool salt. 

 The warehouse, which will hold 100 tons, is paved with 



flags, and has kennels which convey the pickle into a 

 cistern in its centre. The introduction of the English 

 breed has been found highly advantageous, as it produces 

 much less offal, which brings only one guinea per cwt. 

 The bacon is not dried here, but is sent to England in a 

 pickled state, packed up in cloths. Clonmell carries on 

 a very considerable import trade for the supply of the 

 interior parts of the county. The principal exports are 

 corn and pork. There are two bankers in Clonmell, who 

 circulate notes to the amount of 200,000. The catho- 

 lics have here a chapel, school, and friary, the ground 

 rent of which Mr Bagwell remits, besides a large poor- 

 house to which 500 is annually contributed by the 

 county. The burgh is a close corporation under the 

 influence of Mr Bagwell. West Long. T 43', North 

 Lat. 52 21'. See Wakefield's Statistical and Political 

 Account of Ireland, (iv) 



CLOSE Intervals, in music or close harmony, are 

 such notes in a chord as lie near to each other. Dr 

 Robert Smith, in his Harmonics, prop. 22. cor. 4. says, 

 that " the harmony of a concert will be smoother and 

 distincter, and generally more pleasing, for taking the 

 chords of the thorough bass as near as can be to the bass 

 notes, and no more of them than are necessary, and those 

 few upon the softer and simpler stops of an organ of the 

 common construction ; because the beats will then be 

 fewer, slower, and softer, and so the voices and other in- 

 struments will appear to greater advantage." On the 

 other hand, Dr Burney says, that " organists have long 

 observed, that close intervals in the bass, though conso- 

 nant, are disagreeable, and never, in full playing, give 

 the third in a common chord, with the left hand on the 

 bass." Mr Holden, speaking of the minor common 

 chord, Essau, p. 124. says, that the third had better 



XVII 

 y 



not to be hard at all, but the chord be given thus, 



I 



The principles on which this gentleman reasons, are, how- 

 ever, some of them so erroneous, as will appear in our 

 article GRAVE Harmonics, that little reliance can be 

 placed on his opinion, towards deciding between the 

 opinions of Dr Smith and Dr Burney respecting close 

 intervals. () 

 CLOTA1RE. See FRANCE. 



Close, 

 Clotaire. 



CLOTH MANUFACTURE. 



Goth V'LOTn is a term in the English language, particularly 

 Manufae- applied to the woollen manufacture ; but in its more 

 turc. comprehensive and general acceptation, it may be undcr- 

 N< ~Y^* stood to signify any substance produced by the inter- 

 weaving of animal or vegetable filaments. The cloth 

 made in the islands of the South Sea, from the descrip- 

 tions of Captain Cook and other circumnavigators, and 

 from the specimens which have been brought to Europe, 

 appears indeed, in general, to be produced rather by co- 

 hesion of the parts than texture ; but this assimilates it 

 more to the ideas which we attach to paper or paste- 

 board, than to those which we form of cloth. Almost 

 all the cloth which is known or used in Europe, is com- 

 posed either of the animal substances, wool and silk, or 

 of the vegetables, flax and cotton. For some purpo- 

 e, indeed, hair ia spun into thread, and woven into 

 cloth ; and the finer and more ductile metals, gold and 

 vi. PART n. 



silver, are also occasionally spun along with silk, for 

 gome of the richer species of ornamental texture. 



With the antiquity of weaving we are neither much 

 acquainted, nor, however amusing such knowledge might 

 be to the antiquarian, is this loss greatly to be regret- History of 

 ted. That the art was brought to considerable perfec- weaving, 

 tion in very early ages, is sufficiently obvious, both from 

 sacred and profane history. There seems also little doubt 

 that it is of Asiatic origin, and has only gradually ex- 

 tended o the western parts of Europe. We have the 

 authority of Julius Caesar, that, when he invaded Bri- 

 tain, it was totally unknown ; and the many public acts 

 relative to the woollen manufacture in the earlier pe- 

 riod of English history, evidently prove, that the greater 

 part of our wool was, for a very long series of years, 

 exported in a raw state, and manufactured upon the con- 

 tinent. The cruelties and atrocities of the i)ake of Al- 



