68S 



CLOTH MANUFACTURE. 



tittr. 



Pl*T 



CXCIV. 



Wvping 



PLITC 



rxt:iv. 

 fig. 1. & . 



sets, diverging from the centre of the loom to either ex- 

 tremity. In order that every treddle my operate equal- 

 ly on both side*, the spring-staves CC are used, and 

 from these the connection is formed with the treddles. 

 When a heddle is depressed, this part of the apparatus 

 wilt raise the leaf or leaves with which it is connected, 

 and by direct communication from the heddles, the sink- 

 ing is produced. 



Such an apparatus as this will form the most compre- 

 hensive range of pattern which can be produced, ex- 

 cepting by the draw-loom, which is used when the range 

 of design exceeds what could be produced by leaves and 

 t reddles. 



But as the whole machinery of the draw-loom will be 

 found in Plate CXXX. we shall proceed to describe the 

 remaining Figures in Plate CXCIV. to which we have al- 

 ready referred. 



The Figures 1. and 2. represent the construction of a 

 warping mill, which takes the yarn from the bobbin, 

 and disposes it in that form which is proper to constitute 

 the warp of a web. Fig. 1. is a horizontal plan, and 

 Fig. 2. an elevation of this useful and simple machine. 

 From the centre of the mill, the spokes diverge like the 

 radii of a circle to the circumference, as represented at A ; 

 and these spokes, being equidistant, serve to measure the 

 warp with great accuracy, and of course ascertain the 

 length of a web. In the Figure, the spokes being sup- 

 posed to be llj inches asunder, the whole perimeter, or 

 measure of the mill, which contains 16 spokes, is 180 

 inches, or 4 English ells, of 45 inches each. The mill 

 revolves upon its axis, and may be turned either way, 

 by a rope or band moved by the trundle B, which is turn- 

 ed by the warper's hand. At E is a frame to contain 

 the bobbins, which pass through what is termed the 

 heck, and represented at D. In this heck are a number 

 of finely polished and hard tempered steel pins, each 

 containing a small hole at the upper part, to receive and 

 guide one thread. The heck contains two parts, either 

 of which may be lifted by a small handle below, and the 

 eyes of each are alternately placed. Thus, when one is 

 raised, a vacancy is formed between the threads, and 

 when the other is raised, the vacancy is reversed. By 

 this, the lease is formed at each end of the warp, and 

 this is preserved by the pegs at F and G. These being 

 carefully tied up, give the rule for the weaver to insert 

 his rods. The warping mill is turned each way succes- 

 sively, until a sufficient number of threads are accumu- 

 lated to form the breadth wanted. The chief part of a 

 warper's duty is to be careful that every thread which 

 may be broken be immediately tied, otherwise deficicnces 

 in the warp would occur, highly detrimental, and -pro- 

 ductive of very great loss of time to the weaver. The 

 box which contains the heck, slides upon an upright post, 

 and winds the warp round the mill in a spiral form, as 

 will be seen in Fig. 2. 



Of the common wheel, which is used for winding the 

 yarn upon the bobbins, it has not been deemed necessary 

 to give any figure, because it is very simple, and almost 

 universally known. In the extended state of the cotton 

 manufacture, it appeared, however, desirable, that some 

 more speedy plan should be found than that, whereby a 

 woman's whole time was occupied in winding a single 

 thread upon a bobbin. The firnt of these machines was 

 therefore constructed about the year 1790; and the wri- 

 ter of this article, who was then very young, had an op- 

 portunity of examining its principles, as it was first tried 

 in the works where he received his earliest instructions in 

 that branch of manufacture on which he now writes. 

 Lflsc mst ther new inventions, it was clmily cot- 



itructed, and defective in some material respects. This ' 

 circumstance, together with that antipathy to improve- Ma" r - 

 ment of every kind which is the peculiar characteristic _ tllr< 

 of ignorance and obstinacy, created such a prejudice 

 against the machine, that it was thrown aside as a piece 

 of useless lumber. Another machine, different in prin- 

 ciple, and constructed at Manchester, was then tried, 

 and abandoned like the former, with the general and 

 conclusive remark, that they n-ould not do. 



In this state they lay for some years, when a good 

 practical mechanic accidentally discovered them. By a 

 careful examination of that first noticed, he was con- 

 vinced that the machine might be rendered valuable by a 

 little care, and some slight improvements, which he ac- 

 cordingly executed, and produced a machine in every re- 

 spect lit for its purpose. They were very soon copied, 

 and the machine is now in general use, with a great sav- 

 ing to those who employ it. Different plans have since 

 that time been devised, one of which is given in Figs. 7. PUT* 

 and 8. of Plate CXCIV. the first being the profile, and CXCfV. 

 the second the front of the machine. It consists of two Fl i- " & * 

 sides, each containing a number of spindles, upon which 

 the bobbins are placed, and the greater part of the mov- 

 ing machinery being in the centre, 50, 60, 80, or 100 

 bobbins may be driven at the same time, and the whole 

 may easily be attended by two girls, one being stationed 

 at each sid<-. 



The larpc wheel, which puts all the rest in motion, 

 appears at A, and from this first power, two distinct 

 motions are derivvd. The first of these has for its ob- 

 ject the production of the rotatory motion of the bob- 

 bin, in which respect the machine is in its principle very 

 similar to those used for the purpose of spinning. The 

 second is merely useful to direct the threads, so that 

 every bobbin ol both sets may be regularly and equally 

 filled. The firft of these motions is given by a band 

 passing round the rim of the large wheel A, and com- 

 municating the motion to a pulley on the axis of the cy- 

 linder M, which is formed of hollow plates < f tinned 

 iron. From M, every spindle is driven by a small band, 

 working the small pulley or screw on each ; or every 

 band, by passing over two screws, may drive two conti- 

 guous bobbins. The second motion, which guides the 

 threads, takes its rise from a worm or endless screw B, 

 on the axis of the large wheel A. The worm B turns 

 the wheel C, on the upper end of a vertical shaft ; on 

 the bottom of which, a second worm, D, acts upon a 

 wheel fixed upon the axis of a traverse wheel, formed 

 like a heart, upon a principle which will afterwards be 

 fully described, for producing either uniform, accele- 

 rated, or retarded motion. If the motion is made uni- 

 form, the bobbin will be built in the cylindrical form ; 

 but if is is accelerated at each extremity, and retarded 

 in the centre, it will accumulate more yarn in the mid- 

 dle ; and the bobbin, when filled, will appear shaped like 

 a barrel. The traverse acts upon a lever, which presses 

 against it at F ; and this lever, being fixed to the guides 

 HH. moving upon a common centre, one side is eleva- 

 ted while the other is depressed, and thus every part "f 

 the bobbins on both sides are equally or proportionally 

 filled. At I, I, are two cops placed upon skewers, and 

 the guides for the yarn will be seen above. The bobbins 

 are at K, and the thin boards which cover the cylinder 

 and banding appear at L. One of these machines, when 

 properly dnven, and carefully attended, will produce as 

 much work as 20 or SO women can do, if the cops are 

 well built, so as to unwind easily, and without fiequent 

 breaking. PLATE 



IB Plate CXXX. will be found three different kinds CXXX. 



