Cloth 



Manufac- 

 ture. 



CLOTH MANUFACTURE. 



695 



In thi cursory detail of the principles of the cloth 

 manufacture, and of the most prominent operations, much 

 must unavoidably be left very imperfectly treated. It 

 may be said as an apology, that, independently of the 

 extent of the subject, and the difficulty of compressing 

 it within any tolerable limits, in a work devoted to gene- 



ral science, sufficient instances have been adduced to 

 evince, that, theoretically, the subject itself as never 

 been properly studied ; and that evc-n many of the prac- 

 tical improvements appear to be still in a state of infan- 

 cy, or at least very far from maturity, (j. D. ) 



Cfoth 

 Manufac. 

 ure. 



Cloud 



I 



Coach. 



C L O 



CLOUD. See METEOROLOGY. 



CLOVER. See AGRICULTURE Index. 



CLOViS. See FRANCE. 



CLUNY, a small town of France, situated between 

 two mountains on the Grone, in the department of the 

 Saone and Loire, and is celebrated for its famous abbey, 

 which is now in ruins. Its principal f manufactures are 

 woollen and silken stuffs ; and it carries on a small com- 

 merce in wines, corn, and sheep skins. Population, 

 38U. (tv) 



CLUPEA. See ANCHOVY and ICHTHYOLOGY. 



CLUSIA, a genus of plants of the class Polygamia, 

 and order Monzcia. See BOTANY, p. 345. 



CLUYTIA, a genus of plants of the class Dicecia, 

 and order Gynandria. See BOTANY, p. 3W. 



CLYDE. See LANARKSHIRE and RENFREWSHIRE. 



CLYPEOLA, a genus of plants of the class T<tra- 

 dynamia, and order Siliculosa. See BOTANY, p. 260. 



CNECRUM, a genus of plants of the class Trian- 

 dria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 97. 



CNEPH. See EGYPT. 



CNESTIS, a genus of plants of the class Decandria, 

 and order Pentagynia. See BOTANY, p. 219. 



CNICUS, a genus of plants of the cla-s Syngenesia, 

 and order Polygamia jEqualis. See BOTANY, p. 293. 



COACH, a covered carnage, moveable on wheels, 

 for the conveyance of passengers. A carriage of plea- 

 sure or state, distinguished from a chariot by having 

 cats fronting each other; Johnson. Fr. Cache. Ita. 

 Cocchio. Sp. Cache. Bel. Koctstvagen. Teu. Kobzen. 



C O A 



Kutzsche a verbo Hungarico kotfzy, idem, quod in Hun- 

 gnriu hoc curriculi genus primum inveiuutn jiierit. See 

 Ductor in Linguas, by John M-n-hew. 



For the numbers in different countries, the origin, and 

 other particulars, eee CARRIAGE. 



COACH- Box, the seat on which the person who 

 drives the coach sits. 



COACH, HACKNEY. See CARRIAGE. Hackney 

 coaches are under the controul of the police. In order 

 to prevent imposition, no hackney coachman is entitled 

 to payment of his fare without producing, if required, 

 a set of regulations, printed and issued under the autho- 

 rity of the police magistrate. 



Hackney coaches pay duty to government, as other 

 public carriages. 



COACH, MAIL. These carriages are under the su- 

 perintendance of the post office, and are employed chief- 

 ly for the purpose of conveying the mails all over the 

 country. One contractor furnishes the whole, and is al. 

 lowed a certain sum by the post office for every mile 

 each coach runs. They are also exempted at present 

 from payment of toll duties, and are, alongst with other 

 stage coaches, limited, by act of parliament, in the num- 

 ber of passengers they carry, the height they are to 

 be made from the ground, and in many other particulars, 

 intended for the greater security of travellers. 



Mail coaches generally go at the rate ef seven mile* 

 an hour, including all stoppages. 



COACH-MAKER, the artificer whose trade is to 

 make coaches. 



Coach. 



C O A C H-M A K I N G. 



Coach- J. HE art or (technically) calling of coach-making, is 



making, the method of constructing and executing all the various 



^"V" 1 ' parts necessary to, or connected with, any description of 



carriage used for the conveyance of passengers. 



Without entering minutely into the detail of the ma- 

 nufacture of carriages, we shall itate the general objects 

 the coach-maker has in view in constructing them, the 

 different branches into which the art is divided, mention- 

 ing the materials of which the various parts are compo- 

 sed, with any of the peculiarities in the execution of the 

 work that may be worthy of remark. 



As some confusion might arise from using the word 

 carriage, meaning the whole vehicle complete, and car- 

 riaoe, at technically undestood by coach-makers, meaning 

 the frame- work upon which the axle trees and springs 

 are fixed, without including either the wheels or body 

 of the machine, it ia necessary to state, that, when 

 printed in Italics, it is to be understood in the latter 

 cense. 



As a carriage is composed of various parts, and as all 

 these parts must exactly correspond with one another, 

 it is absolutely necessary that a working draft of the 



full size be completed before a carriage can, with pro- 

 priety, be begun to be made. In the first place, it de- 

 pendj upon the construction of the carriage^ what diffe- 

 rence will be required betwixt the height of the fore and 

 hind wheels to bring the perch to a proper level ; the 

 depth, from front to back, of the body, and the height 

 which it is to be hung from the ground, is next required, 

 in order to ascertain the proper length of the carriage, 

 (that is) what distance the fore and hind axle trees 

 are to be from one another. The particular manner 

 in which the body is to be hung upon the carriage must 

 also be fixed, in order to give the springs a proper de- 

 gree of curvature. To obtain theie particulars, a draft 

 is made of the entire machine, and from it the master 

 coach-maker at once sees what effect will be produced, 

 and alters it until it pleases him : from this draft each 

 workman takes his measures and makes his patterns, by 

 which means every part of the work may be going on 

 at the same time. 



In making these drafts, the coach-maker is limited, 

 in a certain degree, by the fashion of the day, at 

 the some time he has it in hi* power to display hie ow 



Coach- 

 making. 



