COL 



746 



COL 



iron good* of all kind*, timber for the purposes of ship- 

 building, pottery goods, and slatei. Its principal im- 

 port* are coal* tram the adjacent countries, spicerie* of 

 all kindi, dry and salted fish, particularly herring, oil* 

 of every kind, and all sort* of woollen and silken stuff*. 

 The principal manufacture* of this town are cotton 

 cloths, ribbands, paper, stocking*, lace, and tobacco. 

 About four league* from Cologne, in the neighbourhood 

 of Bruhl aud Liblas, are mines of tuffa, known by the 

 name of the brown earth of Cologne, which is used as a 

 water colour by painters. It contains more vegetable 



than mineral matter, and probably has been produced Cologne, 

 by pieces of wood that have been long buried in the ^" |u "y- 

 earth. The number of houses in Cologne is 7,4<H, and """ "**"*"* 

 the population 15S.8M-. Kast Long. 6 5.5' 15", and 

 North Lat. 50" SJ' '21". A plan and elevation of the 

 cathedral of Cologne, according to the original designs, 

 ami the most minute particulars respecting the history 

 and antiquities of the town, will be found in tlir f'oyage 

 fur le KJiin, drpiiix Mm/rncr juiqu' a Diisiddorf, torn li. 

 p. 88. Neuwied. 1791. () 

 COLONSAY. See HEBRIDES. 



COLONY. 



^ ' ? LxOLoxv (Latin colonia, Greek mx-uxia) signifies a bo- 

 dy of settler* removed to a distance from their native 

 country. In early ages, when agriculture formed almost 

 the sole object of productive industry, a change of this 

 description was accounted applicable to those only who 

 might be induced to remove for the purpose of tillage. 

 Hence the derivation of the Latin name cotonia from colo. 

 That name ha* passed into most European languages, 

 although the more general and comprehensive term in 

 Greek, would have been the fit appellation of modern, 

 settlement*/ many of which were formed with other views 

 than those of agriculture. We shall proceed to treat 

 at some length of the history of colonies, particularly 

 those of modern times, and shall, for the sake of perspi- 

 cuity, arrange the multiform details of the subject under 

 specific heads. 



Ancitnl Colonies. The earliest colonies of which the 

 wloiur*. history is authenticated, were those of Greece. They owed 

 their origin, neither to schemes of conquest, nor to specu- 

 lations of commerce, but to the plain and direct conviction 

 of the impracticability of subsisting in the territory of the 

 mother country. Though Greece, in her best days, had 

 by no means a population beyond the resources of her 

 toil when tolerably cultivated, the art of tillage was, in 

 the early ages, so rude and unproductive, as to im- 

 press the inhabitants with the belief, that the alternative 

 of expatriation was indispensible. Of the manner of 

 conducting those early emigrations, we have no regular 

 accounts ; they are known chiefly by the rapid progress 

 which the settlements had made at the beginning of the 

 ascertained period of Grecian history. By this time 

 colonies of Dorians had been long established in Italy 

 and Sicily ; while those of the louians and TEolians had 

 occupied the Islands of the JE-gean Sea and the maritime 

 part of Asia Minor. It was in these distant settlements 

 that the early philosophers, poets, and political sages of 

 Greece made their appearance. So quick an advance 

 in improvement affords a remarkable example of a truth 

 to which we shall presently advert the striking ad- 

 vantages of a colonial establishment in facilitating the 

 progress of arts and sciences. In the case of the Greeks, 

 these advantages were not counteracted by any assump- 

 tion of controul on the part of the parent state. An 

 amicable intercourse wa kept up between the kindred 

 tribes, but the colony was neither involved in the wars 

 of the mother country, nor restricted from making her 

 separate interest the object of all her political arrange- 

 ments. The formation of these colonies arose, as in tbe 

 CMC of our American settlements, les* from the act of 

 governments, than from the entcrprize of individual*. 

 This circumstance, joined to a distance, which, small as 

 . formed, in the infancy of navigation, a serious 



obstacle to the maintenance of intimacy of connection, Colony. 

 rendered the colonies almost always independent of the ""Y"* 

 mother country. When Cyrus overran the Lydian ter- 

 ritory, the parent states in Greece declined to take arms 

 in defence of their kindred tribes along the coast of 

 Asia Minor. The latter were accordingly incorporated 

 with the Persian monarchy, and remained subject to it, 

 until the overthrow of Xerxes, and the naval triumphs 

 of Cimon, enabled the Greeks to demand the acknow- 

 ledgment of tht-ir independence, as a condition of sus- 

 pending hostilities. During the preceding xra of 

 Grecian glory, the colonies resumed, or rather formed 

 for the first time, an alliance with Athens, the chief mari- 

 time power of the mother country, and contributed an 

 annual sum as a fund tor the general defence againtt 

 Persia. This alliance continued till the latter part of 

 the Peloponnesian war. The most important point in it 

 for our present consideration, is the fact that the alliance 

 in question comprehended, not merely the settlements of 

 Athens, but those of her rival states, and was pos- 

 terior, by several centuries, to the original emigration. 

 It arose, therefore, less from the recollections of early 

 connection, than from the dictates of present policy. 



The Roman colonies were, in several respects, different 

 from those of Greece. After the abrogation, in the 

 third century of Rome, of the laws which stipulated the 

 division of the conquered lands among the military citi- 

 zens, the middling classes among the Romans were fre- 

 quently losers even by successful war. Their limited 

 portions of property were often neglected during their 

 absence in the field, while their richer neighbours were 

 enabled to carry on an uninterrupted cultivation by the 

 labour of slaves. Hence the embarrassed circumstances 

 and immense debts of the plebeians, by whom we are to 

 understand, not the vulgar, but the middling <-las.M " in 

 Rome. Hence those reiterated discontents, and the fre- 

 quent clamour for the enactment of an Agrarian law. 

 After many struggles, a law was at last passed to pro. 

 hibit the possession of more than five hundred ju 

 (three hundred and fifty English acres) by ai.y indivi- 

 dual ; but the execution of thin law was found imprac- 

 ticable, and from the influence of the rich over the poor, 

 an attempt on the part of a spirited citizen to enforce it, 

 seldom failed to lead to his downfall. * The uiual salvo, 

 on occasions of serious discontent, was an cffer by the 

 patricians to lead forth a new colony, that was to divide 

 a remote portion of lately conquered land among a speci- 

 fied number of needy citi/.cns. These settled on the al- 

 lotted spot for the purpose (agreeably to the name CO* 

 Ionia) of cultivating it ; but the military policy of Rome 

 made these detached portions of the community subser- 

 vient likewise to other objects. The transplanted citi- 



BrAt'i lliitary of the AomM Cortinmtnt, puelmt 



