S.D 



THE 



EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ; 



CONDUCTED BY 



DAVID BREWSTER, LL.D. 



F. R. S. LOND. AND EDIN. AND M. R. I. A. 



CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROVAI. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF PARIS, AND OF THE ROYAI. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF 

 PRUSSIA; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL .SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF DENMARK; OF 

 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN, AND OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF MODENA ; HONORARY ASSOCIATE OF THK 

 ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF LYONS; ASSOCIATE OF THE SOCIETY OF CIVIL F.NGINF.ERS ; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF THE AN- 

 TIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND ; OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; OF THE 

 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE L1TF.RARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; OF THE 

 HISTORIC M, SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; OF THE LITERAUY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF UTRECHT; OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL 

 SOCIETY OF CAMBRIDGE; OF THE LITERARY AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PERTH, OF THE NORTHERN INSTITUTION, AND OF 

 THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH ; OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA; OF 

 THE SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDS OF NATURAL HISTORY OF BERLIN; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF FRANKFORT; OF THE 

 PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY OF LEEDS; OF THE HOYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, AND OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL 

 SOCIETY OF YORK. 



WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 



GENTLEMEN EMINENT IN SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 



IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES. 



VOLUME VIII. 



EDINBURGH: 



PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD ; 



AND JOHN WAUGH, EDINBURGH; JOHN MURRAY; BALDWIN & CRADOCK; 

 J. M. RICHARDSON, LONDON ; AND THE OTHER PROPRIETORS. 



M.DCCC.XXX. 



