DIVING. 



\\\l. 



c. I. 



,.r. 



Hiring, bular top ts> contain ln> be id. It i.t fifteen inches in 

 "' height, and its diameter i adapted to tin- 

 rat the hip bone. I'.lf is the lower half of th. 

 diain. ' :' such length 111 to nioct the other at the 



dotted line I). Both arepn>\ ided ilh strung iron hi*ip.. 

 on the inside of the tin plate at a 6 and c ; also two 

 other piece* of hoop.which cross each other on the inside 

 over his head, and support die globe top. The leath- 

 ern jacket D, dd, and drawers !>, rt , are attached to 

 the cylinders by buttons, as the Figures show ; and to 

 make the joints water-tight, three hoops of brass, a, b, 

 and c, are fitted over each joint, to bind the leather for- 

 cibly upon the parts where the cylinders are strength- 

 ened by the internal hoops before mentioned. To pre- 

 vent the leather slipping off, if the buttons should fail, 

 a rim of brass wire is soldered round the circumference 

 of the cylinder*, outside, at each joint, and the hoops 

 are put on beyond these. The hoops are made of brass 

 plate; and their ends are turned up and fitted with screws, 

 by which they can be drawn very tight upon the leather. 

 Ihe cylinder AA, BB, has holes cut in it, for the arms 

 to go throngh ; and the upper and lower halves sepa- 

 rating at 1) through these holes, overlap each other a 

 small quantity, by the lower one enteruig the upper 

 one. The jacket when fastened on, keeps the two halves 

 together, and makes a tight fitting with the arms, the 

 sleeves being bound round them at d by small screw 

 hoops of the same kind as the large ones. The draw- 

 ers nave also brass garters e, e, to fit the leather close 

 round at the knees. f,f, are two holes in the upper 

 He*] piece, half, into which the eye glasses are screwed ; and g is 

 a third ajx?rture, provided with a screw to connect the 

 two breathing pi|x's h and i with the machine, in such 

 a situation tliat the mouth-piece of tlie pipe h may be 

 opposite the diver's lips ; k is an opening for the diver 

 to breathe through ; when out of water it i.s closed by the 

 crew cap /, Ix-fore he descends. The breathing pipes 

 arc three-fourths of an inch diameter in the inside, and of 

 sufficient length to reach the surface of the water : they 

 consist of* strong brass wire, wound into a spiral form, 

 and covered with stout leather. To save expence, six 

 yards of tin- pipe from the mouth may be made in this 

 manner, and the remainder of tin plate tubes, in lengths, 

 united by short leather pipes, to form flexible joints. 

 The pipe A is to supply fresh air, and it is this which 

 joins to the mouth pie-e within the machine; the other 

 pipe opens into the cavity of the machine. The diver 

 therefore draws his breath through the mouth piece, 

 from the pipe h but, on expiring, throws the air through 

 In' iio.trils into the cavity of the machine, from which 

 it escapes by the pipe i to the open air. By this means 

 the air within the machine always remains nt the same 

 state of elasticity, and every time he inhales air from the 

 mouth piece, the dilation of his breast forces an equal 

 volume of tir from the cavity of the machine, through 

 the pi|>ei. It U only by this arrangement of the pipes 

 that a man can breathe at all when enclosed in so small 

 space; for though tin? harness will defend his breast 

 from the pressure of the surrounding water, it will not 

 be possible for him to breathe and return the air through 

 a single pipe, as some inventors liave proposed, because 

 his body nui-t always distend a space equal to the vo- 

 lume ol air he inhales ; and as the machine does not 

 contain much more than a cubic foot <,f air, it would 

 make too great a resistance to compression for him 

 to obtain sufficient supply to support life. A sini- 

 perimcnt will evince 'the truth of this: Let any 

 one take cask of one or two cubic feet, and placing 

 bil mouth to the aperture, endeavour to return into it 



pipe. 



TUrif op- 



the air he lias inhaled, it will b" found to require an DiTing. 

 exertion too g: -ontinued. By allowing a lar- **~~:~~ 



ger space round the diver, the difficulty would lx> di- 

 minished, but would render the np|>aratu!- inconvenient. 

 Another insuperable objection to breathing through a 

 .Mii^le pipe is. that the content of the pipe, mile- 

 tremely .-hort and of small l>re. will In'ar a great pro- 

 portion to the quantity of air the di\er inhales at each 

 inspiration ; consequently he will, at each time, be obli- 

 ged to take back as much of the air he had before breath- 

 ed, as will fill the whole pipe, and only obtain as much 

 fresh air as the difference between the quantity he in- 

 hales and the content of the pijx 1 . Nor is it practicable, 

 as others have proposed, for him to breathe through one 

 pijx 1 , and then throw the air out into the water, through 

 a mouth piece, which, of course must have a valve, to 

 pr-vcnt the water entering the machine. In this case. 

 it would require him to condense forcibly the air con- 

 tained in his lungs, until its expansive f'nrce equalled 

 the pressure of the surrounding water, and opened tin- 

 valve, which is clearly impracticable ut a very small 

 depth ; for admitting that, by the muscular exertion of 

 the cheeks, he was able to condense the air sufficiently, 

 still he could not expel the whole of the air from the ca- 

 vity of his mouth; and this quantity when suffered to re- 

 expand itself, would mix with the fresh air, and form 

 such a considerable portion as to contaminate it. 



The construction of the mouth piece of Klingert's 

 machine, which is screwed in at the aperture if, is fully 

 explained by the section, Fig. 2. Here It and i are the 

 ends of the flexible tubes, screwed into a box r, r, which 

 has a male screw /, to fit into the aperture g, Fig. 1 . 

 The box has a partition which keeps the two passages 

 separate, the upper one communicating from the pipe 

 h to the ivory mouth piece i, and the other opening at 

 z into the machine, connects it with the pipe i. 



The leather drawers have n framing of iron within 

 them to resist the pressure. This frame, which is shewn 

 separate in Fig. 3, consists of a semicircular piece of iron 

 hoop, mm, -also shewn by the dotted lines m, m, Fig. 1. 

 extending between the diver's legs, and fastened to the 

 lower extremity cc of the cylinder, at the front and 

 back ; also two irons n, n, outside the thighs, which are 

 jointed to the cylinder at the points c, c, Fig. 1, and 

 extend down to e, where they arc firmly attached to 

 a hoop surrounding the thigh. There is another hoop 

 for each thigh higher up, at the point r. These hoops 

 are farther connected by irons at p, which, at the upper 

 ends, are fitted to slide upon the semicircular hoop, as 

 shewn at *, Fig. 3. By this means, though the frame. 

 is abundantly strong, the diver is at lilxrty to walk ; 

 the joints at c, c, and the traversing of the irons n, upon 

 the hoop m, admitting the motion of his thighs, be- 

 cause the centres of motion correspond with the hip 

 joints. The leather drawers are fitted over the framing, 

 and sewed to the hoops; but if the depth i.s to be con- 

 siderable, the inventor advises a net of small chains to 

 be stretched over the frame, in different directions, be- 

 fore the leather is put on. As it is not possible to sew 

 the leather so completely as to prevent wholly the water Leakage 

 from leaking in at the seams, in small quantities, a pump pump- 

 is fixed at I., ill front of the machine, to extract the water 

 when it has accumulated, so as to rise a few inches in the 

 cylinder. To prevent leakage as much as possible, the 

 jacket and drawers must be very carefully made with 

 slips of leather sewed very closely over the seams. The 

 pipes must be made of the very best leather, which 

 will be rendered very close in its pores, and prevented Varnish for 

 from becoming hard, by dressing it with a composi, the leather. 



Mouth 

 piece. 



PLATE 

 ( ( XXXf, 

 Kig. 2. 



Leather 



<lr;iwiT>-. 

 lined *iih 

 iron. 



Fig. 3. 



