D R O 



149 



D R U 



Drowning, with warm cloths, and gently rubbed with flannels, 

 V T~ 1P ' sprinkled with ruin, brandy, gin, or mustard. Fomen- 

 tations of any of these spirits may be applied to the 

 pit of the stomach with advantage. A warming-pan, 

 covered witli flannel, should be lightly moved up and 

 down the back ; bladders and bottles filled witli hot 

 water, heated bricks or tiles, wrapped up in flannel, 

 should be applied to the soles of the feet, palms of the 

 hands, and other parts of the body. 



Respiration will be greatly promoted, by closing the 

 mouth and one nostril, while, with the pipe of a bcl- 

 lows, you blow into the other with sufficient force to 

 inflate the lungs. Another person should then press 

 the chest gently with his hands, so as to expel the air. 

 Thus, the natural breathing will be imitated. If the 

 pipe be too large for the nostril, the air may be blown 

 in at the mouth. Blowing the breath can only be re- 

 commended when bellows cannot be procured." 



The Society recommend also placing the body, when wi- 

 ped perfectly dry, betwixt two healthy persons in a bed; 

 .-Making it by the legs or arms for five or six minutes at 

 a time, several times during the first hour ; covering it 

 with warm grains, ashes, lees, &c. and the warm bath, 

 when any of these can be procured. They likewise re- 

 commend electricity, friction, and inflating the bowels 

 with tobacco smoke. If sighing, gasping, convulsions, 

 or any other signs of returning lite appear, they ad- 

 vise a tea-spoonful or two of warm water to be put in- 

 to the mouth ; and if the power of swallowing be re- 

 turned, to give a little warm wine, or brandy and wa- 

 ter. The person, they say, should then be put into a 

 warm bed, and if disposed to sleep, as is generally the 

 case, should not be disturbed, and he will awake, after 

 a short time, almost perfectly recovered. 



:ling- Bleeding they dissuade from being ever employed in 

 such cases, " unless by the direction of one of the 

 medical assistants, or some other respectable gentleman 

 of the faculty, who has paid attention to the subject of 

 suspended animation." 



We would observe here, that the injecting of tobac- 

 co smoke, electricity, and bleeding, though generally 

 had recourse to, are all very doubtful remedies. The 

 and last, from their sedative powers, are much 

 more likely to depress, than to excite the vital princi- 

 ple ; and we have not seen nor heard of any instance 

 , trrity well authenticated, in which electricity, or even ( ialva- 

 ii<. Jvan- nism, has been of undoubted advantage. Indeed, we 

 suspect that, from their over- excitement, they rather 

 do harm than g<x>d. The grand point is, to preserve 

 the body in as natural and easy a position as possible 

 to bring it by the most ready means in our power gra- 

 dually and uniformly to the natural degree of heat, viz. 

 98, but not'above 100, and then inflate the lungs 

 with fresh air. These are the indispensible objects to 

 which all others are only of secondary importance; but 

 in desperate cases, every possible remedy ought to be 

 tried. 



One thing must never be forgotten, that vigour and 

 perseverance are of the utmost consequence in attempt- 

 ing the cure of this disease. No patient should be left 

 as dead, till the remedies have been applied for three 

 or four hours. " It is a vulgar and dangerous opinion, 

 say the Humane Society, to suppose that persons are 

 irrecoverable, because life does not soon make its ap- 

 pearance ; an opinion that has consigned an immense 

 number of the seemingly dead to the grave, who might 

 have been restored to life by resolution and perseve- 

 rance." See Goodwyn on the Connection of Life nith 



Respiration ; Kite on the Recovery rif the apparently r>mp- 

 Dead; Cullen's Letter to Lord ^Cathcart i Hunter, _^, 

 Phil. Trans, vol. Ixvi. ; Ellis on Respiration ; and Re- """Y" 

 ports of the Humane Society. (*) 



DRUG-GRINDING, is a very extensive trade in Lon- 

 don, where several powerful mills are employed in le- 

 vigating and preparing the drugs used by chemists, 

 dyers, painters, and other artists, who, till within a 

 few years, were compelled to prepare their own materi- 

 als in small quantities as they consumed them. The 

 largest and most complete mill is at the Apothecaries' 

 Hall, belonging to the company of apothecaries. 



Great advantages are found in this change of system; 

 for preparations being now made on a large scale, have 

 a much greater certainty of being of an equal quality. 

 By employing powerful machinery, the expence of la- 

 bour is greatly reduced ; and the loss, or waste, in 

 different processes, bears no proportion to that which is 

 incurred by preparations of small quantities. In levi- 

 gating drugs which are of a poisonous quality, the ad- 

 vantages of machinery are obvious, as the machines 

 will act without the necessity of constant attendance, 

 and may therefore be enclosed in a close room, where 

 the people never enter, except to supply the machine 

 with materials, or remove what it has completed ; and 

 at these times the motion is stopped, to avoid the dan- 

 ger of particles being thrown up in the air. 



In Plate CCXL. are drawings of most of the dif- p LATE 

 ferent machines which are used in drug-grinding. It CCXL. 

 is needless to explain the connecting wheels which 

 put them in motion, because they are similar to other 

 mills which are driven by the power of steam engines ; 

 though some drug-mills in the country are worked by 

 water wheels. 



Fig. 3. is a pounding machine, or mortar, to be used M or tar and 

 for coarsely breaking such materials as are too hard, pestles. 

 and in too large masses to be reduced by other means 

 than a heavy and sudden blow. AA is a mass of cast F '8- 3 - 

 iron, in which are four cavities, to form as many mor- 

 tars tor the reception of the drugs. The pestles BBBB 

 are likewise of cast iron, fixed at the lower end of 

 wooden beams, or stampers. These are fitted to rise 

 and fall between the cross rails a a and b It, which are 

 fixed at the ends to the principal uprights EE, or frame 

 of the machine. The stampers are lilted by cogs, pro- 

 jeeting from an axis D, which is kept constantly revol- 

 ving, by the power of the mill ; and the cogs are ar- 

 ranged upon the shaft at intervals, so that they lift the 

 stampers in succession, and by this means a constant 

 action is kept up. As the pestles may not pulverize 

 every particle to a fine powder, unless the operation is 

 continued for a great length of time, this machine is 

 only used to break the drugs coarsely, and prepare them 

 for other machines. 



A pair of rolling or edge stones are shewn in Fig. 1 : Rolling 

 two of these marked AB, called the runner stones, are stones. 

 placed edgewise upon a horizontal stone DD, called 

 the bed. This is firmly supported upon masonry, to Fig% '* 

 sustain the pressure of the other two travelling or roll- 

 ing over its surface. This they are caused to do by 

 being united to a vertical shaft E, which receives the 

 spindle or axle of the stones AB through it in a mor- 

 tise, as shewn by the dotted lines. The shaft receives a 

 rotatory motion, by means of the cog wheel F, and thus 

 compels the runners to revolve with it ; their weight being 

 borne by the bed stone D, they crush and pulverize the 

 materials which are spread upon it. The mortise, which 

 admits the axle of the runner stones through the shaft . 



