DUG 



177 



DUE 



Dublin 



II 

 Ductility. 



The reve- 

 nue of the 

 city. 



Ground 



rents. 



Additional 



charges on 

 house-*. 



Prisons. 



Outlets of 

 the city. 



The revenue of the city arises from the rents of the 

 landed estate, a great part of which had been let when 

 the acreable value was very low : from tolls received on 

 the commodities that come into the city for sale, or in 

 bulk for private use : from the fishery of the river of 

 Dublin : from fees of admission into the corporation : 

 from the fees for the administration of justice, for ascer- 

 taining the weight of commodities, and their quality. 



The ground rent of the streets in the city varies from 

 5s. to L.4 sterling per foot. The usual breadth is from 

 21 to 25 feet in front, and 125 feet in depth. The build- 

 ing of a good house of five stories, including the cellar, 

 with suitable out-offices, cost L.I 500; and of course it 

 is valued at a rent in proportion to the expenditure of 

 L.8 per cent. 



The taxes of a house now described amount to LA5 

 this year (1814). The window tax is doubled; and 

 for 28 windows is L.20, 9s. 6d. Irish ; besides the hea- 

 vy taxes that have been charged for the several public 

 buildings lately erected. The city tenures are seldom 

 of a longer duration tlian the probable existence of the 

 buildings erected in them : this should induce the legis- 

 lature to empower the commissioners of these improve- 

 ments to borrow money by debenture, to be replaced 

 by a moderate tax, which would in time repay the prin- 

 cipal borrowed, and all its interest. This observation 

 arises from the oppression fi-lt by the operation of the 

 act for making public sewer* : the commissioners were 

 empowered to levy the whole sum from the tenant in 

 possession, without any regard to his interest in the 

 premises. 



The prisons have all been rebuilt within these thirty 

 years. The great felon's prison cost L.I 6,000. It is qua- 

 drangular, and the longest side is 1 70 feet, and the other 

 120 feet. It consists of four stories, including the cel- 

 larage, where those under sentence of death are lodged. 

 The angles are towers for recesses, which are so 

 badly arranged, that the foul air is (breed out on 

 every change of weather, through the wards of the pri- 

 son. This circumstance, and the conviction that the 

 court-yard should be left open on one side for venti- 

 lation, will, it is hoped, influence the government to ex- 

 amine this matter i'ully. There is an allowance of food 

 and betiding fairly distributed to the prisoners, under 

 the inspection of the chaplains. 



The Black Rock on the south side of the Bay, and 

 C lontarf on the north side, are bathing towns well built. 

 They have the accommodation of regular stages ; also 

 of a great number of carriages at the stand always rea- 

 dy, and of a twopenny post. See IRELAND. (D. F.) 



DUBOISIA, a genus of plants of the class Didy- 

 narnia, and order Angiospermia. See Brown's Prodrotitus 

 Plant. Nov. Holl. <$c. p. 448 ; and BOTANY, p. 257. 



DUCK. See ORNITHOLOGY. 



DUCTILITY, is the property possessed by metallic 

 bodies, of being drawn out to a fine wire. 



The ductility of a metallic wire is therefore the resist- 

 ance which it opposes to a force acting in the direction 

 of its length, and is measured by the weight which is 

 necessary to break a \\ ire of a given thickness. 



The malleability of metallic bodies is the property 

 which they possess of being extended, either by pres- 

 sure, or by the repeated blows of a hammer, into line 

 plates or leaves, without having their texture injured. 

 The word tenacity is the general term which includes 

 both the properties of malleability and ductifitv. 



The following Table contains the metals arranged aa 

 rly as can be done in th order of their malleability : 



VOL. viii. FART i. 



Thickness of learei into which 

 they can be hammered. 



Names of metals. 



Gold, 



Silver, 



Platina, Not determined. 



Copper, Do. 



Iron, Do. 



Tin, Do. 



Lead, _ Do. 



The following Table, drawn up principally from the 

 experiments of Guy ton Morveau, shews the ductility of 

 the different metals, as measured by the weight which 

 a wire of each 0.078 of an inch in diameter are capable 

 of supporting, without being drawn asunder : 



Pounds Avoirdupois. 



Iron, 549.25 



Copper, 302.26 



Platina, 274.31 



Silver, 187-13 



Gold, 150.07 



Zinc, 109.80 



Nickel, 107.87 



Tin, S4.70 



Lead, calculating by the dimensions 

 at the point of rupture, .... 27-70 



Bismuth, 20.10 



Lead, calculating by the dimensions 



before it stretched, 12.62 



Antimony, 7.00 



For further information on this subject, see GLASS, 

 GOLD, and WIRE-DRAWING. See also Ann. de Chim. vol. 

 Ixxi. p. 189. (") 



DUEL, (helium inter duos,) a single combat, at a 

 time and place appointed, in consequence of a challenge. 

 It must be premeditated, otherwise it is called a ren- 

 counter. 



The practice of deciding differences by single com- 

 bat has prevailed from the earliest ages of the world. 

 Of this we have many striking instances, both in sa- 

 cred and profane history. But these combats were ve- 

 ry different from the duel, us it is now practised. In 

 the ancient history of civilized nations, such a species of 

 warfare is not to be found. It is a peculiarity of mo- 

 dem times. 



The origin of the duel is to be sought in the super- 

 stitious customs of the Scandinavians and other northern 

 nations. Among all such nations, courage seems to 

 have been the ruling principle. This principle, impa- 

 tient of the forms of law, impelled them to avenge their 

 own wrongs at the point of the sword ; and whoever 

 declined to do so, was branded with the appellation of 

 cowardice, and on that account looked upon as infa- 

 mous. Paterculus informs us, that it was the practice 

 of the northern nations, from the earliest ages, to de- 

 cide their disputes with arms. 



This practice was intimately connected with their no- 

 tions of religion. The belief of a Providence seems to 

 be interwoven with the principles of the human consti- 

 tution, since it has clearly manifested itself in every age 

 of the world. But till revelation threw light upon this 

 interesting doctrine, it was the general opinion, that 

 adequate rewards and punishments were distributed in 

 the present life. The prosperous were regarded as the 

 objects of the divine favour, while the afflicted were 

 looked iijxm as suffering the punishment of their crimes. 

 Hence the single combat was viewed as a direct appeal 

 to heaven, and he on whose side victory declared was 

 believed to have the juster ccuse. It was employed 



Ductility, 

 Duel. 



Single com. 

 bat practi- 

 sed from 

 the earliest 

 times. 



Origin of 



the ilu-'l. 



Regarded ;n 

 an appeal 

 to heaven. 



