DUMB AND DEAF. 



185 



Dumb and expression of this sound, otherwise thnn in increasing 

 Orc^ its duration and its hoUatrness, when placed so as to en- 

 " I ~V"^ large the cavity of the mouth, and in producingthe reverse 

 effect, when in an opposite position. The sound is also 

 prolonged, and rendered more hollow, when we permit 

 the inflation of the cheeks, for an obvious reason ; but, 

 in general, this inflation is prevented by muscular ac- 

 tions, simultaneous with those which shut the lips. The 

 position of the ja>vs does not modify the expression. 



11. 1.aryn- 1 ' The sound expressed by the letter d, in day, sad, 



gaol Sound, adoi e, 



In this sound, as in the former, the pharyngaeal ori- 

 fices of the nose are shut up by the velum of the palate ; 

 and the breath passes all into the mouth. Its expres- 

 sion depends, however, on a veiy different situation of 

 parts. The edge of the tongue on each side is applied 

 close to the under surface of the five grinding teeth, and 

 to the inside of the eye-teeth, and then the tip is pres- 

 sed firmly against the roof of the mouth, immediately 

 above the insertion of the incisors. In this way, a com- 

 pletely close cavity is formed between the upper surface 

 of the tongue and the palate, which receives the air from 

 the larvnx, and gives it this peculiar expression called d. 

 When the cavity is filled, the sound, of course, ceases, 

 as in the case of />. 



It is easy to see that this expression cannot be affected 

 by shutting the nostrils, or the lips, nor by varying the 

 position of the lower jaw. When the tip of the tongue, 

 however, instead of being applied to the roof of the 

 mouth, is placed under the edges of the front teeth, a 

 peculiar modification of the expression is produced, which 

 is extremely common in the dialects of some parts of Scot- 

 land, particularly in that of Aberdeenshire. 



1? Laryn- l *' '^' le souru ' expressed by the letter g in good, dog, 



pal 'sound, begone. 



In this sound, too. the passage from the throat to the 

 nose is stopped. The back part of the tongue is raised 

 up towards the upper part of the velum of the palate, 

 and is then applied to it so closely as to form a small ca- 

 vity with it, opening downwards towards the larynx. 

 The air passing into this, receives its expression ; but as 

 the cavity is small, and consequently soon filled, the 

 sound is one of very short duration ; considerably shorter 

 than either d or 6. 



laLryn- 18- The sound expressed by the letter I in lay, fail, 

 <faal Sound, alone. 



Here, also, the breath passes out entirely by the 

 mouth. The tip of the tongue is pressed against the 

 roof of the mouth immediately above the insertion of 

 the incisor teeth ; and the edge of this organ on each 

 side, is applied only loosely to the inner surface of the 

 remaining teeth of the upper jaw ; so that the air es- 

 caping between these teeth and the edges of the tongue, 

 receives the expression of/. The sound cannot be pro- 

 nounced unless the lips are open. 



It. r.aryn- '* The sound expressed by the letter m in man, him, 



faal Sound, amend. 



In this sound, the breath is urged alike towards the 

 mouth and the nose ; but it is on that portion of it alone, 

 which is directed towards the mouth, that the expression 

 depends. The tongue lies low, so as to allow a large 

 space for air, between its upper surface, and the roof of 

 the mouth ; the jaws are slightly asunder ; the lips are 

 hut ; and it is the breath pressing against the lips which 

 causes the expression of m. 



Although it is necessary for this sound that the lips 



VOL. VIII. PART I. 



should be closed, and although the air is thus prevented 'Dumb and 

 from escaping by the mouth, yet the free passage for the N _J ?eaf '^ ; 

 breath by the nose, enables expiration to go on ; and if "" Y ~ 

 the nostrils be not stopped, the sound may be continu- 

 ed until the lungs are emptied. 



When the nostrils, however, are held fast, no more air 

 can be forced from the chest than is sufficient to fill the 

 mouth and fauces, and consequently the sound can- 

 not be prolonged beyond a second 01 two. 



15. The sound expressed by the letter n in the words 15. I.aryn- 

 no, on, and only. g ffial Sound 



Here the expression depends 1 on the cavity of the 

 mouth's being shut, not by the lips, as in the former 

 sound, but by the tongue, which is placed exactly in the 

 same situation as in the pronunciation of the llth sound. 

 With this difference, all the remarks that have just been 

 made with respect to m, apply equally to n. 



16. The sound expressed by the letter r in ran, Jar, 16. 1.aryn- 

 around. gal Sound 



In this sound the breath escapes entirely by the mouth. 

 The edge of the tongue on each side is applied to the un- 

 der surface of the upper grinders and eye-teeth, as in 

 pronouncing d ; but the tip, although rendered pretty 

 firm by muscular contraction, instead of being pressed 

 strongly against the roof the mouth, is merely raised so 

 as to touch gently the part immediately above the inser- 

 tion of the incisors. The air is then urged towards this 

 point, sets the tip of the tongue into vibration, and es- 

 capes around its edge. On this the expression of r de- 

 pends. 



17. The sound expressed by the letter v in von, have, 17. Laryn- 



aver. 



Sound. 



The expression of this sound depends on the under lip 

 being brought slightly over the edges of the upper incisor 

 and eye-teeth, but pressing only on the two middle inci- 

 sors with such force as to prevent the escape of air. The 

 breath, then, urged forward from the throat entirely in- 

 to the mouth, escapes between the under lip and the 

 edges of the lateral incisors and of the eye-teeth. 



1 8. The sound expressed by the letter s in reason and 18. Laryn- 

 cousin, and by z in zone and lizard. g ffial Sound. 



In this sound the tongue is placed nearly as in the ut- 

 terance of the iCth, and the breath escapes entirely be- 

 tween its tip and the roof of the mouth immediately 

 above the incisor teeth. The tip of the tongue, how- 

 ever, is not set into vibration as in that sound, but re- 

 mains steadily in one situation, and the air in its pas- 

 sage receives merely a sort of hissing expression. 



19- The sound expressed by s m pleasure, and by 2 in 19. Laryn- 

 azure. g xal Sound. 



Here the edge of the tongue, on eacli side, is placed 

 under the inferior surface of the upper grinding teeth ; 

 and its anterior part is so applied to the roof of the 

 mouth, as to Javc only a small funnel in the middle, 

 which terminates behind the incisor teeth in a slight con- 

 cavity f'.nnec' by the tip of the tongue. All the breath 

 escapes through this passage. 



20. The sound expressed by the letters th in thus, 20. Laryn- 

 balhing, snathe. S ffial Sound ' 



In this sound the margin of the tongue, all round, is 

 placed under the whole of the upper teeth ; but it is held 

 but loosely applied to the edges of the incisors, so that 

 the air, urged forward from the throat, escapes between 

 it and these teeth. 



2 1 . The sound expressed by the letters ng in long, 21. Laryn. 

 gaining. go* 1 Sound. 



2A 



