D U R 



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D U S 



ly approached, the whole of its north front is at once 

 beheld. It was begun to be built in the year 1093. 

 The centre tower was circled lx-t\veen the yean 1833 

 and 1*258. No material additions were made to it 

 since, till the \e:ur 1776 ; nt that period great improve- 

 ments were begun, which are still going on. The ca- 

 thedral is interesting to architects, as affording " n most 

 instructive series of examples, illustrating the gradual 

 change of style which took place during the reigns of 

 the three first Henries, till by degrees the pointed had 

 completely superseded the semicircular arch ; and tin- 

 heavy clusters of the Norman pillars were polished in- 

 to the light shafts of the early English." There are se- 

 veral ancient monuments in it ; and those of the vene- 

 rable Betle, Lord Neville, and Bishop Hatfield, are j>ar- 

 ticularly deserving of notice. The Episcopal throne, 

 chapel of 9 altars, library, &c. are also worthy of atten- 

 tion. On the north of the cathedral, there is a large 

 open area, called the Palace Green, on which the castle 

 stands ; it is the residence of the Bishop whenever he 

 visits Durham. The views from its upper apartments 

 are singularly commanding, taking in the whole of the 

 city, and the windings of the Wear through a fine 

 county to a considerable distance. It is not known at 

 what period it was built, but probably before the reign 

 of William the Conqueror. The Keep or Tower is the 

 most ancient part; it is an irregular octagon. At pre- 

 sent it is a mere shell, but appears originally to have 

 contained four stories besides the vaults : the perpendi- 

 cular height of the mount on which it stands is 4-4 feet ; 

 round it three pleasant terraces have been formed each 

 10 feet wide, and communicating with one another. As 

 the buildings which compose the castle were erected at 

 different periods, there is no uniformity of taste or style 

 in them. Out of its north gateway the prison is form- 

 ed, the anterior accommodations of which have been late- 

 ly much improved. There are three bridges over the 

 Wear, one of which, called the Bank's Bridge, is rather 

 an elegant structure. Besides these there are six pa- 

 rish churches, exchequer, law courts, college, guildhall, 

 infirmary, &c. From the Palace Green is an avenue 

 that leads to the public walks on the banks of the river; 

 these were made and are kept in repair by the dean and 

 chapter : they accompany the winding of the stream, 

 and command some beautiful views of the city and 

 cathedral. On the one hand, the banks are rocky and 

 abrupt, while on the other they slope gently to the 

 river, covered with wood. " The combination here of 

 trees and buildings, water and rock, home sylvan 

 scenery, and fine distances, is at once beautiful and 

 grand." 



Durham sends two members to parliament. The 

 right of election is vested in the corporation and free- 

 men, who at present amount to about 1 '200 : the city 

 is governed by a mayor, twelve aldermen, twenty-four 

 common-councilmen, recorder, town-clerk, &c. It is 

 deemed one of the best bishoprics in England ; and the 

 livings in the bishop's gift, the richest. The present 

 endowment for a deanery was established by Henry 

 VIII. with twelve prebendaries, twelve minor canons, 

 &c. During the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, an 

 attempt was made to establish an university here, but 

 it was suppressed at the restoration, and the buildings, 

 which are still called the college, were given to the 

 clean. 



The manufactures consist of woollen goods, such as 

 shalloons, tammies, carpets, &c. The neighbourhood 

 of the city is famous for large crops of mustard, which 

 pay remarkably well, Durham mustard being in great 

 request all over the kingdom. At the end of March 



there is a fair, which lasts (or three day*, principally Duri 

 for cattle, sheep, and horses ; there are also fair-, mi 



Whit-Tuevl.-iy, and on the l.'-th of September. Sa- 



turday is the market day. The population in 1811 was 

 6?6'3. See lliitchin's History "/ 'Durham ; Warner's 

 \inlhcni Tour ; Granger's Account of the Agriculture of 

 Durham ; Bailey's Agriculture of Durham ; Marshall's 

 Reririr t,f Ihc Agricultural Itf ports from the Northern 

 Department of England ; and Beauties of England and 

 Wales, \! v. (w. 8.) 



DURIC), a genus of plants of the class Polyodel- 

 phia, and order Polyandria. See BOTANY, p. 287. 



DUROIA, agenus of plants of the class Hexaudri.i. 

 and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 184. 



1)1 ItSLEY, a town of England in Gloccstershire, is 

 situated at the base of a steep hill, clothed with a fine 

 hanging wood of beech trees. The town, which is ir- 

 regularly built, consists of two narrow streets, cros- 

 sing each other nearly in the shape of the letter T. 

 The principal public edifice is the church of St 

 James's, winch is a large and elegant building. It con- 

 si-4- of a spacious nave, side aisles, and a chancel, with 

 a modern Gothic tower at the west end, and an elegant 

 portal on the south. The old spire fell in Hi<)<(, during 

 the ringing of the bells, and several persons lost their 

 lives. In 1700, it was rebuilt at the expence of L. 1000. 

 The market house, which stands near the centre of the 

 town, was built in 1738, and is wholly of free-stone. 

 At the east end of it there is a statue of Queen Anne. 

 " On the south-east side of the chnn-h-yard," says Mr 

 Rudge, " some springs arise out of the ground like 

 boiling water, in so copious a manner, as to drive a ful- 

 ling mill at about a hundred yards distance below, and 

 are never known to diminish in quantity. At their 

 rise they cover a fine level gravelly bottom for about 15 

 feet square." 



The cloth manufacture is carried on here to a great 

 extent, by means of machinery, and cards are also ma- 

 nufactured for the clothiers. There is an extensive pa- 

 per manufactory adjacent to the town. There is found 

 in the neighbourhood a peculiar kind of stone, without 

 any chip or slit, called towle stone, which is at first 

 soft, and al'terwards indurates by exposure to the air. 



The following is the abstract of the population re- 

 turn for the parish in 1811. 



Inhabited houses 489 



Families that occupy them 501 



Families employed in agriculture (i!) 



Do. in trade and manufactures .... .'I'V, 



Males 1151 



Females 14^ 



Total population 2580 



See Rudge's G/ocestcrsfiire, vol. ii. p. 216; Bigland's 

 Gloccstcrs/tire, vol. i. p. 513; and Brayley and Brit- 

 ton's Beauties of England and lf'alfs,\u\. v. p. 585. (*) 



DUSKY BAY. See ZEALAND NEW. 



DUSSELDORF, a town of Germany, and recently 

 the capital of the grand duchy of Cleves and Berg, is 

 situated on the Rhine near its confluence with the river 

 Dussel. The streets are regular, clean, and spacious, 

 the houses lofty, and the public buildings numerous and 

 handsome. The principal objects of curiosity, are the 

 hotel de ville, the equestrian statue of John William, 

 Elector Palatine, by Gripello ; the hotel of the former 

 government ; the barracks, which were built by the 

 Elector John William, and hold eight battalions, each 

 of which has its particular church ; the collegiate 

 church, containing a marble monument of the Duke 

 John ; the cidevaut church of the Jesuits, which is the 



