2/>0 



DYEING. 



Cnchineal 

 and mad- 



ciir U-..1 



I! -:,.:. 



Crimson. 



By one 



rrareneiof 271. The quantity of madder employed by IVnier 

 is only one-third the weight of the wool, and .Scheffer 

 .i.l\i-e- only one-fourth. I'lrrncr says, that having 

 added to the alum and tartar a quantity of solution of 

 tin of equal weight with the tartar, and after two hours 

 boiling, having let the cloth remain in the buth that 

 had lut-ii left to cool for three or four days, he dyed it 

 in the usual way, and obtained a pleasing red. I Ic de- 

 scribes another process, in which, after having prepared 

 the cloth by the common boiling, he dyed it in a bath 

 but slightly heated, with a larger quantity of madder, 

 tartar, and solution of tin; he let the cloth remain twen- 

 ty-four hours in the bath, and after it had become cold, 

 he put it into another liath made with madder only, and 

 there left it for twenty-four hours. In this way he ol>- 

 tained a pleasing red, a little clearer than the com- 

 mon red, and inclining somewhat to yellow. 



278. By composing a bath of cochineal and madder, 

 in the proportion of from two to three, or even four 

 pounds of the latter, with one pound of the Conner, Dr 

 Bancroft obtained, with the murio-sulphatc of tin a- :: 

 mordant, a scarlet which was little interior to one pro- 

 cured in the ordinary way, from cochineal alone. 



273. Madder reds are sometimes rosed, or heighten- 

 ed in brilliancy, with archil and bra/il-wood. This pro- 

 cess renders them more beautiful and velvety, but the 

 brightness given them in this way soon fades. 



_; 1-. Wool may be dyed crimson, of various shades, 

 either by giving it that colour at once, or by first dye- 

 ing it scarlet, and then deepening it to the desired 

 shade. 



2~5. To dye crimson by a single process, a solution 

 of two dunces .<nd a half of alum, and an ounce and a 

 half of tartar, to every pound of cloth, is used for the 

 boiling : and the cloth is afterwards dyed with an ounce 

 of cochineal. Solution of tin is commonly added, but 

 in less proportion than for scarlet. The processes em- 

 ployed vary greatly, according as the shade required is 

 deeper or lighter, or more or less distant from scarlet. 

 Some use common salt in the boiling. 



276. Archil and potash are frequently used for sad- 

 and bloom- dening crimson, ana giving them more bloom ; but the 

 effect which these substances produce soon vanishes. 

 The boiling for crimson is sometimes prepared from a 

 scarlet bath, by the addition of tartar and alum; and it 

 is even affirmed, that the taupe an vin has more bloom, 

 if both its boiling and reddening be made after scarlet, 

 than when it is dyed in a fresh bath. 



'J77. The colour of scarlet is converted into a crim- 

 son, by all those substances which counteract the ef- 

 fects of the tartar iind solution of tin, employed for 

 giving the former of these colours. Thus the alkalies, 

 alum, and several other earthy salts, change the colour 

 of scarlet to crimson, which is the natural colour of co- 

 chineal. Accordingly, if a stuff previously dyed scar- 

 let be boiled for alxr.it an hour in a solution of alum, it 

 will become a crimson, which may be rendered of any 

 required shade, by varying the strength of the solution. 



278. Crimsons in half grain are made by substitu- 

 ting madder for half the quantity of the cochineal, and 

 following in other respects the processes for reddening. 

 Other proportions may be employed according to the 

 intended effect. 



279. Wool may be dyed red by means of carthamus, 

 but the colour soon changes to an orange ; and as the 

 ml thus imparted is inferior to what is obtained from 

 cochineal, Ixith in point of beauty and durability, the 

 use of this dye for wool is entirely relinquished. 



Saddening 



By previ- 

 ously dye- 

 ing Kwlct. 



inkalf 

 grain. 



Red from 



cartluunus. 



II. Processes for Dyeing Silk Red, 



280. Silk which is intended to be dyed crimson with 

 cochineal, ought not to be boiled with more than twenty 

 pounds of soap to a hundred of silk, us the slight yel- 

 low tinge which silk has, when so far scoured, is fa- 

 vourable to the brightness of the colour. After the 

 silk has been well cleansed from the soap at the river, 

 it is to be immersed in an alum liquor of the full 

 strength, where it is allowed to remain from the even- 

 ing till next morning. It is again washed and beetled 

 at the river. 



To prepare the bath, a long boiler is more than 

 half filled with water : and when the water boils, white 

 galls powdered are thrown in, from half an ounce to 

 two ounces for every pound of silk. After boiling a 

 few seconds, from two to three ounces of cochineal, 

 powdered and sifted, for every pound of silk, according 

 to the shade required, are put in, adding afterwards an 

 ounce of tartar to every pound of cochineal, and as 

 soon as the tartar is dissolved, an ounce of solution of 

 tin to every ounce of tartar. This solution ought to 

 contain more tin than that used for scarlet, otherwise 

 the colour would be too bright. Macquer directs it to 

 be made with one pound of nitric acid, two oum 

 sal ammoniac, six ounces of fine grain tin, and twelve 

 ounces of water. 



'2^'Z. When these ingredients are mixed, the boiler is 

 filled up with cold water. The proportion of the bath 

 is about eight or ten quarts of water to every pound of 

 silk. In this the silk is immediately dipped, and turn- 

 ed on the skam sticks, till it appears to l>e of a uniform 

 colour. The fire is then increased, and the bath made 

 to boil for two hours, turning the silk from time to 

 time. The fire is then withdrawn ; and after the silk 

 has been allowed to remain in the bath two hours 

 longer, it is taken out, washed at the river, beetled 

 twice, and, lastly, wrung and dried. 



283. It has been seen, that a very small quantity of so- 

 lution of tin is put into the bath for dyeing silk crimson ; 

 if the same process as that for dyeing wool scarlet were 

 employed, the silk would lose its bloom, and acquire 

 only a faint colour. Macquer and Schefl'er, however, 

 have both published processes, which differ from it only 

 ill a few circumstances, for dyeing silk rose and poppy 

 colours, by means of solution of tin, used cold, that it 

 might not act too violently on the silk. 



i!Sk In Macqucr's process, the solution of tin is pre- 

 pared from three pounds of tin, four pounds of nitric 

 acid, and two pounds of muriatic; the tin being thrown 

 in, a little at a time, after the acids have been mixed. 

 When the solution is finished, six pounds of silk, that 

 has previously had an annotta bath, are to be put into 

 it, and left there half an hour. The silk is then taken 

 out to be wrung, and washed as long as it makes the 

 water foul. To prepare the bath, four ounces of cochi- 

 neal, and a quarter of an ounce of tartar, arc taken for 

 every pound : when the water into which these have 

 been put boils, cold water is added, till one's hand can 

 be held in it ; the silk is then put in, the heat of the 

 bath is increased, and the silk, after having Id-en boiled 

 a minute, is taken out and washed. 



Scheller's process, which was published before 

 that of Maccjiier, is not very different : one part of tin 

 is dissolved in a mixture of four parts of nitric acid, 

 and one of common salt, and the silk is put into the 

 solution, alter it has been diluted with twice its bulk 



Preparation 



Dyeing 



li.ih *i:u 

 cochineal 



Solution of 

 tin. 



Dyeing 



Crimson. 



M.v<juer' 

 procett. 



Scheflcr'n 

 procew. 



