E L E 



f laaenti. we may have 5T+2t-f-2S, =VIII (as above), ST + 



Numeral, or occurring between tbe intervals that are 

 numerically designated, as 1, I, 2, If, 3, III, &c. These 

 numeral differences, or elements, are S, S, d", and C, 

 and we have 4S + 68 + 2rf + 3 = VIII. 



Of Perfect Tune, according to Mr J. Farey, who, in 

 the ' Philosophical Magazine," vol. xxxvii. p. 274, in- 

 troduced a notation by /, , and 2, under this title, 

 for expressing the notes of Mr Liston's organ scale. 

 MrListon, however, in his subsequent work, rejected this 

 notation ; and, we think with good reason, because it 

 appears, in no material degree, superior to the notation 

 by T, t, and S, tliat Mr Listen has used ; and yet it seems 

 evident, that a notation by X, f, and m would have 

 greatly simplified Mr Liston's work, on account of the fa- 

 cility, that the artificial commas in the first column of 

 this notation give, for performing every requisite cal- 

 culation of intervals in Mr Liston's scale, as shewn in the 

 Monthly Magazine, vol xxxvi. p. 217. 



Of Tempered regular Douzeavrs, or systems of 12 

 notes, wherein all the fifths are equally tempered, ex- 

 cept between G;& and E) : these are the major and the 

 minor limma, L *nd 1, (the latter representing the in- 

 terval % or I,) ; and we have 7L -|-5l=VIII. See the 

 Phil. Mnv. vol. xxxix. p. 415. It should be observed, 

 here, that L has, in this case, not the fixed value 462 

 -f. f + 5m, assigned to it in our 30th Plate, vol. ii. ; nor 

 have D anil d the same values, but vary, in each diffe- 

 rently tempered system, being sometimes less than 1 ; and 

 that in the isotonic or equal temperament system L=l. 



Of Temjxred regular I'ing/qualreaves, or systems of 

 24 notes, wherein the fifths are all equal, in the order 

 of modulation, as far as F$;#, C^^f, and F\> B[/[/; the 



E L E 



elements are here the minor limma, and the major and Elements- 

 minor diesis 1. D, and d, and 71 + 12D -J-5d = VIII. II 

 See the Phil. Mag. vol. xxxix. p. 41S, and our article ^ cnth '. 

 DIESIS of Tempered Scales. ""Y" 



ELEMENTS Numerical, in Music, are the four smallest 

 prime integers, viz. 1, 2, 3, and 5 ; by the multiplica- 

 tion of which, every musical number, or such as enter 

 into the composition of diatonic ratios ; all of whose 

 intervals are capable of being expressed by whole num- 

 bers of 2, f and m, respectively, without the decimal 

 or vulgar fractions of 2, that unavoidably occur in our 

 notation, whenever 7, 11, 13, or any larger primes en- 

 ter into the ratio, as well as in the calculations of tem- 

 pered systems, in most instances. (5) 



ELEMENTS. See ASTRONOMY and CHEMISTRY. 



ELEMI. See CHEMISTRY, Vol. I. p. 123. col. 1. 



ELEOCHARIS, a genus of plants of the class Tri- 

 andria, and order Monogynia. See R. Brown's Prodro- 

 mus Plant. Nov. Holl. &c. p. 2=24, and BOTANY, p. 1 12. 



ELEODENDRUM, a genus of plants of the class 

 Pentandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 153. 



ELEVENTH MAJOR, in music (XI), or the doubled 

 fourth major (VIII-j-IV) of Holden and some other 

 writers on the practice of Music, is a discordant inter- 

 val, whose ratio is , = -, =9132 + 18f+ 79m, 



and its common log is = .5509074,6888. (5) 



ELEVENTH Minor (llth), the doubled fourth minor 

 (VIII-)- 4th) of Holden, &c. is a concord, whose ratio 



|, = ,= 866s -f. 17f + 75m, and its common log. 



is = .5690312,6773; it is the DIAPASON Diataseron, 

 which see. ( ) 



ELEPHANT. 



nt THE Elephant has attracted the attention of mankind 

 from the remotest ages, on account of his size, his 

 strength, and his sagacity. He was considered by the 

 ancients as a powerful engine of war, and is still 

 regarded as a valuable part of the materiel of an east- 

 ern army, for the transportation of artillery and baggage, 

 and he forms a necessary appendage to eastern magni- 

 ficence. His form and manners have often been 

 made the subject of description, and many curious par- 

 ticulars of his history have been detailed by enterprising 

 travellers. Yet still we have cause to regret, that con- 

 jecture, in too many instances, has occupied the place of 

 observation, so that qualities have been ascribed to the 

 elephant which he does not possess, and habits to which 

 he is astranger ; and that alove of the marvellous has been 

 IT ratified at the expcnce of truth, so that the gaudy de- 

 scription of Buffon must yield, in point of accuracy, to 

 the simple narrative of Aristotle. In this article, we 

 'hall endeavour to lay before our readers the princi- 

 pal facts in the history of the animal, which appear de- 

 serving of notice; unfold the characters of the different 

 specie-, of which the genus F.lephas is composed ; and 

 then describe the methods employed to obtain him from 

 his native haunts, and to educate him for the service of 

 man. 



SECT. I. General Description. 



The skin of the elephant is of a dusky black colour, 

 with a few scattered hairs upon it, except on the crown 

 of the head, where they are pretty thick, and are about 

 the length of a hog's bristle. The skin is generally 

 smooth and soil, and only becomes hard and callous, 



and sometimes knotty, from use or disease. The head 

 is somewhat small in proportion to the size of the body. 

 The forehead is remarkably prominent, and gives to the 

 countenance an expression of dignity and intelligence. 

 The eye is small, quick, and penetrating. The ears 

 are large and pendulous ; the back is considerably arch- 

 ed in the middle, and the tail is slender, with a tuft of 

 long hair nearly reaching the ground ; the legs are 

 suited to the si/e of the animal, being thick, strong, 

 and massy, and the foot which is not divided into toes, 

 is furnished with five horny nails on the fore feet, and; 

 four on the hind feet. 



Among individuals of the same species there appears 

 to be a considerable difference in point of size, as they 

 are known to vary from 7 to 12 feet in height. 



The dimensions of a full grown male elephant, as 

 measured in India, were as follows : 



From foot to foot over the shoulders . . 



From the top of the shoulder, perpendicu- 

 lar height 10 



From the top of the head, when set up as 

 he ought to march in state . . . . 12 



From the front of the face to the insertion 

 of the tail 15 



feet. Inth. 



22 10.V 



11 



The female elephant is always smaller than the male, 

 and, in the Indian species, seldom exceeds eight feet 

 in height. When either males or females are much 

 below this size, they are not considered as of sufficient 

 strength to sustain the requisite burdens. The stan- 

 dard of the Honourable the East India Company, for 



1 



Elephant. 



