ENGLAND. 



731 



Statistics, pally met with in the county from which they derive 

 '^""'Y"*' their name. At this time, it is difficult to find any spe- 

 cimens of the old variety of the Gloucestershire reds, 

 which seem to have been a mixed breed from the De- 

 vonshire and Welsh cattle. The Sussex cattle are in 

 high estimation for beef and labour ; and with respect 

 to milk, they excel the Devonshire and Herefordshire. 

 They are a mixed breed, having been produced by a 

 crossing of Welsh cattle. They are principally found 

 in Sussex and Kent : in the former county, oxen are 

 more used for draught than in most parts of England ; 

 jreat numbers of them are fattened in the marshes and 

 meadows. In Kent are also found a different kind of 

 cattle, called the Kentish home breed, which are well 

 adapted for the dairy ; they are of a mixed breed, the 

 Sussex being; most predominant, crossed with the Welsh, 

 Aldemey, &c. 



The next breed consists of the Welsh mountain and 

 lowland cattle ; those of Glamorganshire are in high 

 repute for draught ; they resemble the cattle of Nor- 

 mandy. The Pembrokeshire somewhat resemble those 

 of Glamorganshire, but they are not equally valuable. 

 The next Welsh county in which the best breed of the 

 principality occur, is Cardigan ; but varieties of this 

 breed are found all over Wales, and in most of the 

 southern counties of England; they are in general 

 quick feeders. 



The next are the Lancashire, and north-western and 

 midland country long horns : they were originally con- 

 fined to Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, 

 from whence they spread to the south, into the counties 

 of Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Stafford, Warwick, 

 Northampton, and Buckingham. It is rather a singular 

 circumstance, that the neck of land, containing Lanca- 

 shire and Cumberland on the western, and Yorkshire, 

 Durham, and Northumberland, on the eastern coast, 

 should have been the parent country, both of the long- 

 horned and short-horned cattle ; the latter extending 

 from Northumberland southward, to the county of Lin- 

 coln. It was on the Lancashire long-horned, that Mr 

 Bakewell made his experiments for the improvement of 

 cattle, and the result was the new Leicester variety, 

 which are calculated solely for the grazier, the old breed 

 retaining their superiority in the dairy. The former 

 are in great request in almost all parts of the king- 

 dom. 



The northern short horns, which include the Tees- 

 vater, Lincoln, Holderness, and Tweetlside varieties, 

 are the largest breed in England ; the Hereford being 

 next to them in that respect : their peculiar advantages 

 are that they fatten kindly, and yield large quantities of 

 milk and tallow ; but their milk is not rich, and the 

 cattle themselves are coarse and ill formed. They are 

 principally found in the eastern counties. 



The extreme coarseness and size of this breed led to 

 the introduction of Norman and Aldemey bulls, which 

 were first imported into Holderness in Yorkshire ; the 

 mixture of these eeds has produced that useful and 

 valuable variety, from which the stock generally kept 

 by the London cow keepers is supplied. The pure 

 Aldemey breed, which are of a very small size, and are 

 distinguished for being very rich milkers, are chiefly 

 found in the south of England in the possession of gen- 

 tlemen. 



The northern, or Yorkshire polled cattle, are very 

 similar in their qualities to the short horned, amongst 

 which they are found. 



Tie Norfolk home breeds, formerly the principal 

 etock in the county whence they derive their appella- 



tion, when attention was given to breeding in it, are Statistics. 

 now seldom met with, though they are still in much '""V" 

 repute where they are kept, and bring high prices . from 

 the Smithfield salesmen. 



The Suffolk duns, which are polled and 'small sized, 

 are most excellent for the dairy, yielding abundance of 

 rich milk : they are chiefly found in Suffolk and the ad- 

 joining counties, and are generally supposed to have 

 originated in the polled Galloway breed of Scotland, 

 with which Suffolk and Norfolk have been supplied du- 

 ring more than a century. 



There are no data, on which to found an estimate 

 nearly approaching to the truth, respecting the number 

 of cattle kept in England; though, as the English nation 

 consume a much greater proportion of meat than most 

 other countries, the number must be very considerable. 

 Mr Arthur Young, in his Tour to the North of Eng- 

 land, estimated the value of beasts at L. 36,480,000 ; 

 and as at that period, the average value of cattle could 

 not be more than L. 10, the whole number kept then 

 was probably between three and four millions; the stock 

 of cattle, since that time, has not increased much. By 

 another mode of calculation, we may arrive at nearly the 

 same conclusion : we have already seen that the annual Probable 

 slaughter of sheep is not quite one fourth of the total number. 

 number kept in England and Wales ; but the annual 

 skughter of sheep for the kingdom is about ten times 

 as great as it is for London. Now the average annual 

 supply of cattle for London i rather more than 100,000, 

 which, for the whole kingdom, would be about 1,000,000; 

 and if we reckon the annual slaughter of cattle for the 

 whole kingdom as about one-fourth of the stock kept, 

 we shall have about 4,000,000 of cattle. It is evident, 

 however, that in all this calculation, there is too much 

 conjecture for the result of it to be regarded as a near 

 approximation to the truth. It may be remarked, that 

 Gregory King estimated the beeves, stirks, and calves, 

 in his time, at 4,500,000. 



The rearing of calves forms an important branch of Rearing of 

 husbandry, in some parts of this country, particularly calves. 

 in Essex, and in the vale of Aylesbury in Buckingham- 

 shire. In Cheshire, more calves are fed during the 

 months of March and April, than in any other part of 

 England ; but, as the milk cannot be long spared, they 

 are killed very young. The suckling of calves, for the 

 London market, is carried on to a considerable extent 

 at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, (already mentioned 

 as celebrated for its rich cheeses, ) as well as in Essex. 



There are several kinds of horses bred and kept in Breeds of 

 this country, well adapted for the saddle, either as horses. 

 road horses or as hunters ; and for working, as well as 

 for the race-course. In the midland counties, particu- 

 larly in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire, a very 

 large breed is kept. They are generally a dark black 

 colour, and well adapted for the cart. It is said, that 

 the improvement in this breed, which were originally 

 ill-compacted in their make, took its rise from six 

 Zealand mares, sent over by the late Lord Chesterfield, 

 during his embassy at the Hague. The improved breed 

 began in Derbyshire, at his lordship's seat. It after- 

 wards spread into Leicestershire, where Mr Bakewell, 

 so deservedly celebrated for his improvements in the 

 breed of sheep and black cattle, turned his attention, 

 experience, and judgment to them, and still farther 

 improved them. The great demand for this breed is 

 in London, where they are seen in full perfection in 

 the dray-carts, &c. Yorkshire also has long been ce- 

 lebrated for its breed of horses, both for the saddle and 

 for draught, but especially for the former. A variety 



