—_—\~ 
54 
The burnisher is about three inches , is used to 
soften any of the lines which are cut too as well 
as in the n of the 
Copper, 
peor gyn vg aprabarcarboier sce As « about six 
inches long, tapering to a point, i areee 
edges. It to used to serepi off the higlk shale ieee 
by the action of the graver. In order to shew the ap- 
ce of the work as it goes on, and to polish off 
more completely the barb, a roll of felt or cloth, 
called a rubber, is used for rubbing the part of the 
with a little olive oil. 
A cushion, being a leather bag of sand, of about nine 
inches diameter, was formerly used to lay the plate up- 
on, to allow it to be turned in any direction; but 
this is now never used, except by the engravers of wri- 
a engraving a series of parallel lines, which are 
all either equidistant, or approximating towards each 
other in regular gradation, a great to the most mi- 
nute distance, such as in the blue part of a sky, water, 
or in plates of machinery, &c. where a smooth tint is 
required, an called the ruling-machine was 
some years invented by Mr Wilson of Lon- 
don. The accuracy of its operation is perfect, and the 
beauty of the execution is unequalled by any thing 
that has ever been performed in any other way. It is 
performed on the etching ground by a point or knife 
connected with the spare, so as to move with un- 
ing certainty, and bit up in the usual way with the 
equafortis This instrument will be elsewhere found 
minutely described: (See Rutinc Macutne). There 
are numberless imens throughout this work of the 
productions of this machine, and we may mention at ran- 
dom, Plates CC. and CCI. to which we refer the reader. 
In wood engraving, the block is commonly made of 
-tree or box, ‘ne differs in thickness according to 
Cie. The surface for the engraving is on the trans- 
verse section of the wood: the subject is drawn 
- witha ho pater ink, with all the ve that 
it is required to have in the impression. @ spaces 
Seema the lines are Lent rh bp Say oh knives, one Is, 
and gouges, leavi e lines ve been drawn 
with thanks 
It will be seen, from this, that the pres- 
sions from blocks of wood differs from that pper- 
plate in this, that in the latter are delivered 
the incision, while in the wooden they are deli- 
vered from the raised part. 
In looking at the works of the old German artists, from 
im 
co 
" the time of Albert Durer down to Christopher Jegher, 
we are surprized at the frequent occurrence and free- 
dom of execution of the dark cross hatchings—an ope- 
ration which, by the common process of cutting away 
the interstices, could not be done but with the 
labour, and certainly without the freedom which those 
artists have displayed. 
As many of the impressions exhibit unequivocal evi- - 
dence of being worm-eaten, every doubt is removed of 
the nature of the material on which they have been 
wrought. We are therefore irresistibly led to the con- 
clusion, that those parts, instead of being cut with the 
tool, nye been executed by some chemical 
in some degree anal s to etching on copper, by cor- 
roding the Sater ations thataad rae lines ; ma has 
been suggested to us by an eminent artist of this ag 
Mr W. rs, that this might have been accomplish 
ed by sketching in the work with any bituminous sub- 
stance capable of resisting the action of acid, such as - 
the common etchin -ground, (see Ercuine), render« 
ed fluid by solution in oil of turpentine, put on with 
ENGRAVING. 
merville, wherein he has these 
with the utmost freedom and de! x His method he 
does not choose at present to divu 
dows in a second, and the third gives a pee = om 
whole, except where the lights are cut away. See Pa- 
pillon, Histoire de la Graveur en Bois. 
ia w qusual capable of roc thetetaa ot capes 
with a le of resisti action of 
fortis. The design is made with a black-lead 
a piece of of the same size, which being 
for some time in water, and laid on the plate with 
ee ee and run through the 
crossing 
quired. The thickness of the lines, which is regulated 
by the quality and distance of the object, will 
by the size of the point of the etching-needle, 
greater or less ing to the 
intended. The corrosion with 
° 
require. It 
may be then touched up with the dry peice or deena. 
late, without d, solely by the point of the 
SE nodies‘autd that which i reseed by operation 
is taken off by the scra 4 
Etching with the sott ground jaw imsthod of kin 
imitations of black-lead or chalk drawings. The 
is mixed with a proportion of tallow or hog’s-lard, ac« 
cording to the state of the pa art Aa 9 of thin 
per is put over the plate, and to it at the 
our corners by a little turner’s pitch. The design is 
then made out on the paper, and shaded to the necessa« 
ry degree of effect with the black-lead pencil, an 
action of the pencil on the takes off the ground 
from the copper at the same time; and when finished, 
it is bit to the requisite depth in the usual way. 
details of the various will be found more 
nutely detailed in the article Ercuine. 
Stippling, or the chalk manner, is 
wheel, consisting of 
centre, and ase 
of steel wire i 
times used ; moving this backwards and forwards, 
the points mark the copper, and give an excellent imi-« 
tation of the freedom of chalk-drawing. ‘The work is 
then bit with the aquafortis in the usual way. 
Etching. 
Stienlion: 
Another method of wim Or. oregon discovered wittiams’s 
r 
by Mr H. W. Williams, and tein of Edinbur; 
it is performed by instruments totally different from 
needle ; the beauty and richness of its effect 
is only equalled by the rapidity with which it is exe- 
cuted, Although the inventors have not as yet prose- 
process. 
