History. 
—_—— 
66 ENTOMOLOGY. 
slew, a wing.) Insects having four wings imbricated 
with calee * butterflies and motlis, 
Order IV. Nevnorrera, (from niger, @ nerve, and 
‘igiv, a wing.) Insects hav four transparent na- 
k win se) ud with veins or nerves. Exam- 
ples, libellule, or dragon-flies, &c. 
Order V. Hymenoprena, (from Yea, a membrane, 
and sigs, a wing.) Insects with four naked and mem- 
branaceous wings. Examples, bee, wasp, &c. 
Order VI, Diptera, (from di, two, and algiy, a wing.) 
Insects with two wings, as gnats, flies, gadflies, &c. 
Order VII. Aprena, (from ¢, without, and ae. a 
wing.) Includes all insects without wings, as spiders,* 
crabs, lice, &e. pe on 
The t icuity of Linneeus’s System of Ento- 
mol Fevose trier its athe having made choice of the 
role Obvious characters which insects afford for the 
leading distinctions of his orders. In the construction 
of his he has taken his characters from the 
parts of the head alone, paying particular attention to 
the form, situation, and structure, of the antennz or 
horns ; these being conspicuous in most insects, 
and so infinitely varied in their appearance, as to con- 
stitute, with few exceptions, a permanent distinction. 
That there are other characters which, in the opinion 
of later entomologists, are better adapted to the pur- 
of classification, the reader must be aware ; but 
ese, although really preferable, are too mi- 
nute to become always useful to the student; yet to 
the man of science, who is really willing to learn and 
study entomology as a science, there can be no doubt 
as to the superiority of the modern systems, although 
we are Wt "illow ‘thatthe chivactere’ from’ the 
mouth are not so well calculated to further the views of 
the superficial observer, as those Linné ; 
the simplicity of his arrangement, the celebrity of his 
name, and the princely patronage under which he 
wrote, conspired, with other favourable circumstances, 
to render the science more universally cultivated, ad- 
mired, and , about his time, than it appears 
to have been at any former period. Much credit is un- 
doubtedly due to this great man for his entomological 
labours ; but as we have stated before, when ing 
of Aristotle, he is not alone entitled to our commenda- 
tion for the arrangement he has proposed; we must 
acknowledge the merits of his predecessors, who wrote 
under less favourable circumstances, but nevertheless 
excelled in this department of science ; men to whom 
Linné stands in a very high degree indebted, and with- 
out the aid of which it is impossible to imagine the 
which now commands our respect. In the 
works of Aristotle and Pliny, if those of Aldrovan- 
dus, Swammerdam, Ray, Willoughby, Lister, and vari- 
ous others, (whose works we have noticed), we = 
ceive, with some variations, the grand outline on which 
he has formed his system. It was from these valuable 
sources ian es mou from which he 
selected, wi ound ju ent, and the greatest 
success, the valeable antter, carefully and industrious. 
ly separating the dross. The characters of his orders 
and also are to be found in several earlier pub~ 
lications, as are descriptions of several of the species, 
But he has concentrated these scattered rays of science 
with so much skill and industry, that we must admit 
that to him alone the science is indebted for that firm 
foundation on which it now rests, His style through. 
out is concise and expressive, but in many instances it is 
so laconic, that it is impossible even to guess at the ani- History, 
Bomare Dictionaire Bomare. 
mals described. 
In 1768, was published in Paris, 
raisonné universel d’ Histoire Naturelle, 4to. 
In 1769, in three Deere 4to. “~ Teones In« Scheffer. 
sectorum circa Ratisbonum Regensburg, 
. by Scheeffer. : ; 
And in the same year, at Leipsic, was published in Scopoli. 
octavo, J. A. Scopoli Anni Historico Naturales. 
Also Dr John Berkenhout, M. D. 
limited, treating 
which are arranged after the Linnean system. Not- 
withstanding the small number of species enumerated, 
this little work has tended ially to advance the 
study of entomology in Great Britain. Since the 
lication of the above, three or four other editions hi 
ss 1770, J. R. Forster published, at Warrington, in Fiske 
octavo, A Catalogue of British Insects, a mere 
Latin names, amounting to about 1000 ies, the 
greatest number hitherto enumerated. This was in- 
tended as a Prodromus to a general work on the insects 
of Britain, as we learn from the preface, in which the 
author offers duplicates in exchange for any not in his 
collection. 
In this year also, D. Drury published a very beauti+ 
ful work in one volume, con voy omen de- 
scriptions in English and Festiclt with an index of 
Linnean names, illustrated by coloured 
entitled, Illustrations of Natural rey | are 
exhibiled Figures of exotic Insects, &c. plates form 
a miscellaneous assemblage of the more beautiful extra 
European insects, which the extensive collection of its 
author afforded. Three years after the publication of 
the first volume, a second appeared ; and the third, 
which concludes the work as far as it proceeded, ap- 
in 1782. Besides those figured and described 
z= the three a aera the extensive cabinet of 
r Drury contained man ice specimens, reserved 
as materials for a fourth ha which were 
rieties, no less than 11,000 insects, (in his time the lars 
gest collection,) which he obtained by transmitting 
ea directions and instructions, in various lan 
‘or gathering and ing insects, i ce 
an insect for all insects, “ from the size of a honey-bee 
upwards.” His museum of entomo was di 
of in London, by Pape auction, and produced about 
six hundred poun One insect, viz. Scarabaus Go- 
liathus,( Goliathus magnnt) eh ectan by Mr Dono- 
van, for twelve guineas and a half, who obtained also all 
theBritish insects, (which were very numerous, collected 
by Mr , and now enrich his splendid museum. 
And in this year also, G. A. Harrer’s Beschreiburg Harrer, 
oo nt Insecten welche Herr D. J. 
neffer in eclxxx ausgemahiten kupfertafeln herausge- 
geben hat. Regensburg, octavo, 
In 1771, John Reinhold Forster published Nove Forster. 
* The crabs and spiders are now considered as constituting two distinct classes. See our article CRUSTACEOLOGY. 
published the Berkenhout. 
