249 EXC 
pealed, till the rites prescribed: for restoration to legal Excommu’ 
purity were duly performed. Besides this, there does Patton. 
; EXC. 
Queen Anne, new duties were ‘added, and the union 
ms being effected, a junction, as 
tof the two-ki 
Excommu- i as assimulation of their revenues, took place. 
‘he 
‘average of the excise during that reign, was 
England about £ 1,600,000; for Scotland nearly 
,000. Between 1715 and 1728, the reign of George 
I. the produce of the excise for Great Britain, including 
the annual malt, was nearly £2,340,000 a year ; for 
Scotland alone about £74,000. ing the reign of 
II. from 1728 to 1760, a gradual increase still 
took. place in the luce of the excise, the annual ave- 
rage pig 3,000,000 for Great Britain ; the pro- 
duce for Se somewhat above £97,000 per annum, 
In 1759, the-year preceding the accession of his pre- 
sent Majesty, the nett excise as paid into the exchequer 
was £ 3,887,349 ; the gross produce tor Scotland near- 
ly £99,000. After the peace of 1763, the addition of 
several new taxes, but still more the advancing state of 
commerce and i gave a new increase to the 
excise ; so that for the five years between 1771 and 
1776, the gross: annual average amount for Great Bri- 
tain was £5,340,000 ; and the gress annual average for 
Scotland nearly £140,000. During the last five years 
of the American war, there was still an increase, and 
Lt. dea ares in Scotland than in England, the 
average of five years being for Great Britain 
£5,642,327, and for Scotland alone nearly £247,000. 
At the:time of the of Amiens in 1901, the gross 
amount for En, was £ 12,507,807, and for Scotland 
£1,054,428.. Since that period the amount has nearly 
doubled the gross produce in 1807; being for Great 
Britain about £ 24,000,000 ; for Scotland a little above 
£ 2,000,000. In 1813, the total for Great Britain was 
about £24,700,000; for Scotland about £ 1,945,000. 
By the latest parli finance statements, the gross 
for the year ending 5th January 1814, was for 
ngland £25,171,274 : 0 : 114, and for Scotland 
£1,861,691 7422. The expence of levying, collect- 
ing, and this revenue, amounts to no 
more than £3, 19s. per cent. See Huic’s Abridgment 
of Excise Statutes.  ScotchActs, Blackstone’s Commen- 
tary. Smith's. Wealth of Nations. Sir John Sinclair's 
History of the Public Revenue. Hamilton's Enquiry into 
ee Taxation. Parliamentary Reports and 
“yy A a ’ j io 
EXCITATION. See Execrricity. 
EXCOMMUNICATION, in ecclesiastical polity, is 
the judicial exclusion of offenders from the religious 
rites and other privileges of the particular community 
eS ae Founded in the natural right 
which every society possesses to guard its laws and pri- 
vileges from violation and abuse, by the infliction of 
whether human or divine. _ That Ay Serta 
an 
engine gratification. of private malice and re- 
and been per the 
venge, ere Pdiabolical, the Retry most un- 
Sen oe 
tionably a consideration ought 
necessity of as well as i 
perance in- 
not appear to have been any excommunication of spe~ 
cial divine appointment, except that which, was im- 
mediately accompanied with the ultimate punishment 
of excision or death ; and from which, of consequence, 
there was and. could be no absolution. In the later 
ages of the Jewish church, indeed, this species of dis- 
cipline was systematised by the Rabbins, whose: opi- 
nions, however, are often so contradictory to each 
other, that itis next to impossible now to ascertain 
in what the different kinds of their authorised excom~- 
munications consisted. By many writers they have been 
divided into three classes, viz. Niddui, Cherem, and 
Shammatha, but Selden has satisfactorily shewn, that 
these three epithets are indiscriminately applied by the 
Rabbinic pe to every variety of this punishment, 
hin general the term Cierem denotes a severer 
species of it than the other two, — Distinguished into 
greater and less, both of them might be. pronounced 
on an individual either by a public j » by a court, 
by a private person, or even by himself. The least 
kind, commonly termed, Niddui, i. e. Separation, might 
be incurred in a. vast diversity of ways, of which no 
fewer than twenty-four are specified in the Talmuds 
and other Jewish writings; and.of which several. re- 
late to moral and religious delinquencies, though others 
of them are a the most frivolous 73 ak _ When 
pronounced by a court, it was precede ivate cen- 
sure and sdnettian ; after which,, if the cnlpeit gave 
no satisf evidence of tance, the house of 
Judgment, or the assembly of jndges, solemnly warned 
and threatened him, that if he did not reform, he must 
fall under the sentence of public excommunication. If 
he still continued obstinate, his name, and the nature 
of his offence, were proclaimed in the. sy to 
which he belonged, on four successive Sab in 
order to bring him to a just sense of his guilt; and if 
this also proved ineffectual, he was then solemnly ex- 
pie ef sg xie sentence, whether pmenneed 
publicly or privately, was.in force for thi ys, du- 
ring whscbiee. was interdicted from oe nearer 
any person, even his relations, than four cubits ; from 
doing,or receiving any office of kindness which re- 
quired greater proximity to other persons than that dis-_ 
tance; and from ing the usual ablutions, previous 
to sitting down to his Is, On his remaining impe- 
nitent at the close of this period, it might be 1 
to thirty and even to sixty days longer ; after which, if 
still incorrigible, he was subjected to the eX~ 
communication. This sentence was required to be 
pronounced by not fewer than ten or at least 
in their presence, and with their concurrence; and it 
excluded peat a a pew ng nee poe seer all 
e advantages of civil society. its horrible nature, 
some idea may be formed by the following extract from 
one which Buxterf found in an ancient Hebrew MS, : 
«« Ex sententia Domini Dominorum sit in Anathemate 
Sint ipsum plage magne et fideles, morbi magni et 
hortibiies Tienes 110.06 hahiioanlam<areenenl) 2 
liginosum fiat sidus ejus in nubibus ; sit in indignationem 
iram et iam ; cadaver ejus objiciatur feris 
‘ ipso hostes et adversarii ; 
et ibus s ination eters ; 
-argentum et aurum ipsius dliis; et omnes filii.ejus 
