Pe 
‘Ferrara. 
—— 
FER 
on the 19th of May. The inhabitants save the water in. 
pots cisterns. : 
There is in the inland part of the island a Portuguese 
town, in which reside a governor and the partes Pease 
When the Pi had compelled the Fren 
India Company to evacuate this island, they erect- 
i t forts, in order to defend it, Three of 
efe the north harbour, two the north-west, 
‘eastern of the island, where there is a 
only for barks. The forts are all built 
spacious, and are well garrisoned and 
ge artillery. Fort Remedios alone con- 
partly regulars, sent from Fernam- 
ieved every six months, and partly 
the opposite coast of Brazil. 
fort, called Fort Remedios, stands 
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There are two harbours capable of reeei ships of 
the sede: Gall Pet onaith, etal maneher on the 
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island. When Ulloa visited: the island, they had had to the Adiiatic; and each having a harbour at its mouth, Ferrara. 
no rain for two years, but violent showerscame on up- 
FER 
Besides these, it is fertilized the streams Panaro, 
Reno, Tartaro, and numerous artificial canals. Only 
one of the preceding harbours belongs to Ferrara ; the. 
other is a subject of frequent controversy between it. 
and the neighbouring territories. » 
This duchy contains three cities; Ferrara, the. capi- 
tal, which we shall afterwards describe more particu- 
larly ; Commacchio, and Cento. Commacchio occupies. 
a situation in the midst of a considerable extent of low 
marshy ground, called the Commacchian Marshes, de- 
fended by a high alluvial bulwark from the sea, but, 
penetrated by a canal, at the extremity of which is Por« 
ta Magnavacca. These marshes are not less than be~ 
tween 70 and 80 miles in circuit, and communicate with 
recent census, but, 30 years ago, th 
of the Ferrarese territory amounted to 235,234 souls. 
eal government, ie porble are pany and languid in 
; from salt-works, and other 
such extent, when an annual fair, in a town 
ba cesesteresk a » semmerene ts Se 
errara bei papal domain, is governed 
ph teutaltone et — 
appointed a dignified 
gate, who rules in his absence. 
minal 
selected, to constitute an annual . Inre« 
spect to its ecclesiastical state, the duchy is divided into 
nine dioceses, at the head of which is an archbishop, 
generally a cardinal, endowed with ample revenues, 
and ing a jurisdiction over 135 
are sixty monasteries of different ; ini 
1350 monks and priests ; ten convents, ing about 
620 nuns ; and in which 50 boys are 
igious or a civil institution, , 
The cay ob Reaver da See soeve hem semenieel 
very anciently as an’ important territory. It was a 
of its own dukes, of the family of Este, who began to 
Clement VIII. declared the duchy had 
papal see, and he took possession of it 
in person. Along with the other Italian inces, it 
ieaplicated in the F the 
became ences of the French 
revolation. It was ceded by Roman pontiff in 
1797 to the government of France, and by it constitu. 
