FIG 
81 
Shard (Major) Firtn (XV), has the ratio $¢, = 
42+8f434m. See Extreme sharp ( Major) Friern. 
cod thegparly aye aged ratio 2,, =390.529042 
48f+434m, and its log. =.8081144,7576. The re- 
spectable author above named, has not only been be- 
: d into the admission of this unmusical ratio, but 
tothe naming it also his Deficient less sixth, and his 
Redundant great third, in different parts of his Essay. 
Successive Firtus, or the succession of fifths, im- 
lies the order in which they arise, in modulation ; these, 
Beginning twas the lowest arc, according to Mr 
Liston, b» Fp, Cp, Gp, Dp, Abs Ep, By, F, C, G, D, A, 
E, B, Fx, CK, Gk; Dk, AX, EX, BR, FRX, CK; 
who, at page 24 of his Essay on Perfect Intonation, 
remarks, that the six first and six last of the above, 
ing a chromatic douzeave scale in the middle), are 
extreme flat or extreme sharp notes ; and 
so also are any other double flat or double notes 
called, that may be ced by further extending this 
series either way. If the fifths, in the above series, are 
, they answer to the Tutrie progression of the 
i See that article. 
Superfluous (major) Fiera of Tartini, Chladni, 
Marsh, Se. has the ratio *® = so 2-+ 8f4 94 m, 
See Extreme em (major) Firra (KV. 
1eTH. of * fer hit its ratio is 
= 4162 +8f-+ 36m; see Double.comma re- 
ax roar WE 
Temperaments 9 spi ular tempered 
douzeaves, eleven Y tie malin Afthe ate ahah toomeoned 
and, at the same time, eleven of its fifths are each tem- 
Gita Pet the eng a t's cer ty 
; e or , is b 
9 mn « gh eas of the V Ith — 28.3542997 :: 
‘arey’s musical theorems and corollaries, in the 
PaTeiequal Firms, oF quints, of Earl Stanb 
i IFTHS, or quints, ; there 
on Seay cnteneins. mm ‘fits, ut ar iter 
in magnitude, or ick. See 
ae Beatie, and Tarequar Gomes, fr) 
FIGUERAS fe tose Spain ic the 
is a town in, in ince of 
t pain, prov 
, in the reign of Ferdinand VI. at great 
It is called the castle of St FeeGinind, cud is 
$23 
FIL 
tagon, like the flaps of pointed pockets, and it stands 
nearly in the middle of a great plain, which it can de- 
fend on every ‘side, serving as an entrenched camp for 
about 17,000 men. This place was, however, taken by 
the French in 1796; and in the council room of the 
fortress are still to be seen spots of ink, occasioned by 
the of an officer who threw his against the 
wall when he heard of the event. The walls have 
been whitened, but the ink is still visible. The plain 
on which Figueras is situated, is covered with fruit, 
wheat, rice, vegetables, flax and hemp. Population 
4000. See Laborde’s View of Spain. (j) 
FIGURE or tue Eartu. See Astronomy. 
FILE, a well-known steel instrument, having teeth 
on the surface for cutting metal, ivory, wood, &c. 
When the teeth <= Leap instruments are eee by 
a flat sharp-edged chissel, extending across the surface, 
they are properly called files; but when the tooth is 
formed by a sharp-pointed tool, in the form of a trian- 
gular —— they are termed rasps. The former are 
used for all the metals harder than lead or tin; and the 
latter for the softer metals, ivory, bone, horn, and 
wood. 
Files are divided into two varieties, from the form of Different 
their teeth. When the teeth are argent 7 hea 
raised by the flat chissel, ing like parallel furrows, 
cither sh right shgles tothe ler of the file, or in an 
oblique direction, the files are termed single cut. But 
when these teeth are crossed by a second series of similar 
teeth, they are said to be double cut. The first are 
fitted for brass and copper, and are found to answer 
better when the teeth run in ‘an oblique direction. The - 
woeeghe arsed sell Sich “eb: gcsadand aherp 
iron an ac resents a 
nae to the substance, which eons the substance, 
while the single cut file would slip over the surface of 
metals, The,double cut file is less fit for filing 
, since the teeth would be very: liable 
with the filings. , 
different names, according to their 
pacpmax “rete ler Those of extreme h- 
ness are rong the next to this is the dastard 
i hea 
pas files serch ped ee E are sinastiiecs 
a little coarser 3 are distinguished 
des Soe ntiored On ? [ 
Files are also distingu 
other 
equal sides, mostly tapering; those which are not ta- 
‘our-square 
_ are. These files are generally thickest in the mid- 
round file, the section is a circle, and the file generally 
The heavy and coarser kind) of files; are: made from On the steel 
the inferior marks of blistered'stee}.. That made from used tor 
‘the Russian iron; known by the name of old sable, and ‘ies. 
also called from its mark CCND, is an excellent steel 
for files. Some of the Swedish irons would doubtless 
zine, cellars, caverns, and i ’defend- 
ed by a casement. It bas the form an ircegular pets. 
5 
