Permanett used to 
494 
crown works, but none of them 
have been of much advantage, — ’ 
Horn works are placed sometimes before the curtain, 
and sometimes before the bastion. In the former po- 
sition, they do not to be of advantage, as, in case 
of their being taken, the enemy becomes master of the 
whole front. Before the bastion any xi fay very use- 
ful; but in every situation they are liable to strong ob- 
jections, They require a great number of men to de- 
fend them—they form a saliant that is not easily sup- 
ported by other works—they present a straight front to 
the enemy, which is always weak, and they are very 
rouch exposed to an assault on their wings or faces. 
Crown-works differ from horn-works in having a bas- 
tion in the middle, as Fig. 3. In other respects, they 
are the same, and constructed in the same way. They 
are, however, liable to still stronger objections than 
horn-works. They are more expensive, and more dif- 
ficult todefend. They are therefore seldom used, un- 
less it be to cover some large and important position 
near the fortress, 
Detached and isolated works are such as are com- 
ly unconnected with the body of the place, and 
inte to or attack some distant position. 
Their form and magnitude differ with circumstances ; 
but they are always similar to some one or other of the 
works already described. 
Of the works placed in the ditches, or used as cou- 
ures and entrenchments, the most remarkable are 
Nfontalembert’s casemated caponniers, towers, 
and ravelins with ailerons. The caponniers are large 
stone buildings, with two or three rows of guns above 
one another, and between these rows loop holes, through 
which the soldiers may fire with musquetry. One half 
of the caponniers may be used as casemates, as the 
smoke is easily carried off. The whole is covered with 
a shell-proof covering. The angular towers, or fours 
angulaires, are round potas with a stair in the 
middle, and places all about it for menand guns. The 
sides are pierced with embrasures and loop holes, and 
the whole covered as the caponniers are, with a shell- 
proof covering. On the top is sometimes erected a 
watch-tower. Under the same denomination of works 
may be classed the English martello towers, consisti 
sometimes of several stories, with embrasures an 
loop-holes. The communication between these stories 
is by means of ladders. On the top is placed one gun, 
and sometimes more, the carriage of which moves on a 
pivot. The ravelins, with ailerons or orillons, do not 
differ from common ravelins, except that they are smal- 
ler, and have the orillons. The latter are. sometimes 
constructed of stone, but more frequently of earth, and 
are separated from the ravelin by a ditch. These 
orillons are of use in covering 
the bastion, when the ravelin is too small for that pur- 
But in every case it would be better to have a 
ravelin without the orillons, than a small one 
lrge gavel The orillons are in fact a sort of places of 
arms, which when taken, give the enemy the command 
of the ravelin. 
Of all the means of defence, none perhaps can be 
turned to greater advantage than water, when it can be 
readily commanded. An inundation, well directed, is 
not only a defence to the besieged, but may even be 
Sec 
too, of this method of defence, that it can be used wi 
out much expense, either of labour or ammunition. 
FORTIFICATION. 
the. shoulders of 
Casemates have frequently been resorted to as‘a cer- | 
tain means of defence ; but besides the general objec- 
tion that are expensive, it does not appear that 
they are so Ey eek eT The 
most useful works of this _are the double capon- 
niers, for the defence of the ditches, These are co- 
vered with a proof arch, and surrounded with a 
E 
z 
‘I 
a] 
is 
the 
To cover the gorge of a work, a wall is some- 
times constructed with loop-holes, and stairs behind it 
to communicate with the terre-plein. Perhaps the best 
defence for any , is a tower like Montalembert’s, 
or the English tower, as it serves not only to 
cover the work, but also to protect the men in retreat- 
ing to the garrison. ' 1 eel , 
en casemates are constructed, they ought : 
leant sigs font. jn: Tavighty: 0nd SS seenam 9d with 
loop-holes at the distance of e t 
give the soldiers the command of the nd immedi. 
ately under the work, and to allow the smoke to dis- 
perse, If the caponniers are of a considerable length, 
they ought to have traverses at short distances, or walls 
wi holes, that they may be more obstinately de- 
fended the enemy get possession of one extre- 
mity. te VWs hep * 
It was formerly observed, that at a early pe+ vpines. 
riod, salneo, ween abglaned leeibedaiioed decree 
ing Shp sawerasel as nee Re anaes 
| near the . After the invention of gunpowder, 
is made 
ed a mine, and a countermine when employed by the 
parece. The construction, however, is the same in 
“they ought 
a tay 29 FS age Aare yy en escarpe 
the earth about the others. ; 
Having pointed out the general disposition of the 
SP te. 
