502 FORTIFICATION. 
Viehd froe nication, it bei essary that no if it has to act at another place, while a part of the 
Kymatee of aherdefunen of the-works be qbetracted. - The tr frontios tu ts be wall cieselictt ax emily psoa aie Penn 
tees verse is always to be determined at first, where two tance from its frontiers in an open ; if it fears 
—"Y"" planes of delilement are necessary ; but, where all the an ettack from © superior enemy; itt fe toelkan’ $8 ’ ; 
works can be laid down according to one plane of de- make its retreat in sight of a superior enemy ; and if 
filement, the parapets are determined, and then, at an army besieges a ot 
distances from them, the place forthe traverse To cover a , every obstacle that can be pro- Frontier 
ts and afterwards constructed from this point cured, as well as every thi Potters mc om 
to the saliant angle of the work. a line, ought to be em The use of lines ©" 
A work may have only one re-entering or saliant has by some been recommended, by others it has been 
angle, or it may have several such ; the plane of defile- consi eS The former, however, ap- 
ment, however, remains always the same, as described _ pear to be right, in as far as the lines serve to protect 
above; but care is, in this case, to be taken not to in- and to inclose a country. ; 
jure the flanking defence too much, and also not to —_ Such lines as serve to protect a frontier, extend from 
make the dead angles too large. Several planes of de- te amir Atesertevinniis tenes | or where the 
filement will, in this case, frequently be ras height line can be apprised, and 
Inelosed works commonly require an enormous t 
to cover the men in them ; and as this can seldom be ‘ é y 
allowed in field fortifications, traverses are generally impediments to obstruct the enemy’s advancing, should 
preferred for this purpose. in such cases be made use of. hag 
Position of In this case, the position of the traverses is directed To whole parts of a frontier, fortified places, 
pean inoudnansinuhonn is se or fortresses, are the most effectual; but where’ 
at the same time to cover . The there are none, towns, and other places com- 
greatest 
nearer the traverse is towards she couieiansiaieel ' manding the roads, the rivers, and the vallies, by which’ 
possible; and therefore, i ! i i ed 
several heights, the traverses wi each other. fitted up like block-houses, and all other I 
Workseur- The most difficult case is, when a work is situated of defence, should be used. Sometimes houses must 
rounded by in a tunnel, or every where surrounded with command- be pulled down, and outworks constructed, if by these 
eminence. ing heights. In this case a block-house, or a corps de means a town can be rendered stronger and less open to 
garde, is to be constructed in the middle of the work, attack. > sani : 
which is secured from balls, and which, at the same —_ Intrenched camps near the frontiers differ very much’ Jntrenched 
time, serves asa traverse for the men who defend the from permanent camps and frontier posts, having no’ camps, 
work, or to secure its interior parts. habitations for the troops in them, and being only in- 
Intrenched Lines or works connected with each other, and form- tended to'serve for a short time. They rally con- 
lines. ing intrenchments, should always be strong enough to _ sist of works constructed like field forti 3; but, 
sa o i mt, — a is to perros = 
arranged accordingly. sui eights, therefore, as do not allow the enemy to approach. , oa 
occur, are either to be occupied, or the position is Tétes-de-ponts, or bridge-heads, are smaller or larger Tetes-de- 
to be somewhat altered, which is in general easily fortifications, raised before a bridge inorder to cover it, pots. 
done, as the engineer will not be so much restricted Small tétes-de-ponts consist only of a single redan, as 
on any given place as in permanent fortifications. ABC, Fig. 6, the sides of which are favourably flank- Prater 
resist ; and therefore, if they are not above that the be tenable as as , they « 
eh ee 
the lines always remain commanded, advanced works always to be ‘constructed that the enemy ma: 
on these heights are of the greatest use. not attack them ; that the which they cover may 
Worksina Should a valley between two nies require to be not be by him ; that, while attacking, 
valley. fortified, strong advanced works will be advantageous. he may be in flank.. These works frequently re- 
If, however, the valley is very narrow, the line may quire a considerable space, either to contain divisions 
have very sali oe ights, and be frequent- of an army retreating by them, or to covera 
ly broken ; but if these lines do not cover the places of the river or its banks. Large tétes-de-ponts are re- 
peer mmr fore oye nvm ee : in Fig. 7. and still larger in Fig. 8. Téles- Fig. 7. 
and constructed at places as may be deemed ne-| $ must always be well enflanked towards the pj, ¢, 
: , enemy by the other of the works, and ought al: 
The next im it point to be considered, is the’ to have a proper ing fire of their own, The en- 
application of the works to the field. Small works and trances to them should not’ be too small, to retard the 
single posts may be established by officers of infantry, movements of the troops ; but they should be well de- 
but large and composed works only are to be directed fended, so as to deter the enemy from approaching 
quiing Soo- An army may be in want of fortifications in different An army which is weaker than that of its enemy, 
Ufcations. eases, viz. if it has to cover a large part of a country ; must sometimes either maintain its position, or secure 
