+L 
me 
Se ocala ae ce a = 
vt 
FORTIFICATION. 
my must be amply provided the moment it has taken up 
its The that be in any 
3 position. ne Aor 
vtebich bell be considered afterwards, 
—— Next to ordnance, fascines, or rods and brambles for 
Necessary 
stongg. 
ud 
fascines; are peculiarly necessary. Theseare ei- 
ther 8 or 12 feet long, and serve to construct parapets, 
traverses, &c. and sometimes also to fill the fossé, in or= 
der to pass it. The great number’ of fascines generally 
wanting during a siege, may sometimes be procured near 
it : they” be: by: land 
its neighbourhood, may 
or water to thoes planes, lieve the-depotd of these aud si 
milar materials are formed. 
are constructed. atom Ran NS BE 
deacarswtere dha tar -excavations © 
, which are to’ be made over 
ly necessary in many cases, to 
have blinds and moveable parapets, forthe purpose of co 
vering the men who use small arms.’ 
gilihthe tonatmuntion+of. eardy-works,a. great variety of 
tools are necessary, such as shovels, spades, fascine 
knives, saws; hatchets, iammers, drills, &cvand of course 
@ sufficient number of these must be eae 
zines or depots: 
Thapshkal artillery'ie:pinced as close:to'e fbetrece de 
possible, always taking care that it be not molested by 
the enemy's fire. The most advantageous position is 
when it is covered by a height, or rising ground, and at 
the same time well protected by the troops from the sal- 
lies of the and the attack of an army; to relieve 
the fortress... Theypark of artillery is always to be placed 
dn a certain ‘order.».'The -heaviest guns should be sta- 
‘tioned in one or two: lines,:the mortars and howitzers on 
each side of them, and: those \of light. calibres at’ the 
the hr a article belonging to each piece, inclucing 
se pean yi tn Ar tte tteaaly sameincel 
hind it. an wntve at i) & TAT OF 
The | where the fireworks are prepared, should 
not be far distant from this park, and the park:must be 
_ as closevas. ible to that side where the attack, or 
where one of the attacks, is to »be made. 
however,it may be placed before a different front of the 
- fortress from that which is to be attacked, in order the 
better to. hide the intention of the besiegers, or to take 
of a more favourable part of the ground. 
iebamichteriesdhcuthe chats oftuerpettior' 
the reception of the ammunition, or of the powder in pare 
ticular, are to be made so as to keep the powder dry, 
and must So aie ie a 
ee i Sagntrt in fine weather, may be open« 
for the free passage of the air. — ‘The powder is to. be 
Oc ag , under which the air may pass free, and 
in Srele oni chasiny i Seeeuteianes 
4$ ammunition chests on the 
keer epaempareleetee pertivectneti a 
where the attack is to be made, that they may 
wood of this kind is to be’had in 
507 
easily be conveyed wherever 
rea however,'to- deceive the enemy, or for convenience, Defence 
pd aria et ae oa 1 conveyed: ‘to another front ; 
‘on these occasions, It is 
not ner poopie placa ata tie alia sated 
pot, or too near storehouses, lest they should all be de- 
stroyed, and their destruction oecasion damage to the 
storehouses also. 4 
Sometimes wail somietimes only a 
ditch, is construeted round the depots ; wana they os 
as round the powder magazines, sentinels are placed, = 
ee strangers or suspicious persons at a distance. 
pe tools and'sand bags, or similar stores, may be 
; 
_ kept at the depots’ of materials, but if possible under shel- 
: are ove or other circumstances, sap ton por 
they are wanted. —Some- Attack and 
a 
== 
per dinite oftthe'front to be attacked, will principally Front to be 
be determined by the knowledge that has been procured ttacked. 
fromthe’ surveys, the weakest being always the most as- 
sailable.' That side generally . is considered to be the 
weakest which is: commanded: by eminences, or where 
the rampart can be hit at a great distance, where the 
terre-plein is very narrow, the bastions small, the con- 
_ struction or trace imperfect, the defence injudicious, the 
outworks*weak, the ‘covered way. easily taken, the fossé 
small andnot deep, the revétement damaged, or not of 
stones);wilrere ‘there -are-no-thines~and “where ‘the be- 
neo works cannot be commanded. 
ith regard to the surrounding country,” wnttye fain’ 
and open ground sloping towards the fortress is dha! ad« 
vi Avstony soil particularly retards the siege, 
as also moorish In these situations, the attack 
ie wees advance witha very =— front, which-is cer 
nly very: disadvan Hollow ways, hedges, 
walle, or similar objects, may serve also to cover thé’ bes 
sieger's works. | «If ‘a:country be rather low, it is of con- 
sequence to*know ‘whether it can be inundated, which is 
a very ‘serious disadvantage. | The side of attack’ also, in 
some méasure, depends.on the manner in’ which the ord 
nance und’ fascines canbe transported ‘The fortifications 
and»their strength, ‘however,'-generally determine ‘the 
Sap. pment eres ane csmaneS tr not very unfa~ 
vourable. 
The next thingewbe considered ‘is the plan of the at- 
Plan of*ate 
tack, which ought'to be such, that all the works shall be tack. 
conducted regularly, and as few as possible constructed; 
so that the fortress may be taken in the shortest’ time. 
All this is the business of the officer who is to conduct 
the siege, and who ‘is always en to direct and céns 
troul every thing on’the side of attack. The works'cons 
structed by the besiegers as a defence from the fire of the 
fortress, are in general called trenches: Of these there 
are different kinds, as approaches, parallel batteries, and 
traverses, 
A 
enemy in order to cover them. The direction of these | 
works is towards the place, but generally ign ‘so that 
they always’ approach the fortress in such a manner, that 
none-of them:can be’ enfiladed. They’ are-represented 
A, A, A, Fig. 1. 
pproaches are excavations about 3 feet deep, and 10 Approaches 
to 18 feet wide, the earth of which is thrown towards the oe 
Parallels are also excavations, about Piate 
3:to 34 feet deep, and 20 to 30 feet “7 the earth of CCLIX,, 
which is thrown towards the enemy." They are construct- 
ed parallel to the front of attack, as B,'B, B. ' Behind 
the parapets are made banquettes, for the soldiers tg stand 
upon, as lin other;fortifications, ©" © 
Fig. 1, 
