FORTIFICATION. 
‘employed in this undertaking should be perfectly 
At “men 
ce Of healthy, that they may not by coughing, or any other 
= noise, alarm i ordi They are ave tb be ace 
tions, ‘companied too, by the necessary number of officers and 
Ne Vion-comininsioned” officers, to keep them fn order.” As 
wire’ tollécted in the the engineers 
have no difficulty in finding his way, 
the lines tobe dug out are sly marked byacord pas- 
i fixed in the lines at con- 
“ , as well as all the engineers, may be better able to 
fad vals Way, costae men are placed at certain dis- 
with advantage. 2 . 
AS soon as the guard arrives at its post, or in the line 
which it is to occupy, it pushes a sentry towards the for- 
tress at every 10 paces, or even at a smaller distance, if 
necessaty, who lies down, in order to observe every 
thing that passes in or near the place. ‘The bulk of the 
aha tapes 
such a distance that it may advance 
the first notice or alarm. 
Tyere 
z 
i 
leave his post, on any pretence whatever. Should the 
enemy, however, have a large garrison, and hazard a sor- 
worker Way be’ Eroaghr heck 1o the places: Shere they 
may to the places where 
were collected, or to a proper distance, while the sued 
509 
of the trenches advances to oppose the enemy. ‘In such Attack ana 
‘eases, cavalry to cut off the enemy’s retreat should al- erred of 
ways be ready. The workmen never should be allowed yorance” 
to disperse, but always be kept in order ; and disobe- — tions. 
dience should be punished on the spot with death, if né« —-~—— 
cessary. Strict discipline, added to a conciliatory mode 
of informing and instructing the men in their duty, will 
be of the utmost advantage, and is never to be negleéct- 
ed. The workmen who come at day-break, and even 
some of the guard of the trenches, may be usefully em- 
ployed in completing either the communication or the. 
parallel begun in the first night. The next morning af- 
ter the opening of the trenches, the engineers inspect it, 
and observe whether the enemy can enflank it. Where 
this is the case, they order a traverse to be constructed, 
They also see, that in the parallel the banquettes for the 
soldiers to fire irom are properly constructed, and that 
the crest of the parapet is as nearly of the same height 
as possible. 
As soon as the first parallel has been finished, the ri- Deena 
cochett batteries are constructed. These are placed ei- Geoitions tae 
ther in, before, or behind the parallel, according to cir teries, 
cumstances. 
The space between every two guns is generally 24 
feet ; and between the mortars, about 15. Thedepth  , 
of the batteries is from 80 to 36 feet ; and a powder-ma-« 
e is behind them. son 
Sah ws eat are kacet wi tia wii “ach he 
mortars in the middle. ides the ricochett batteries, 
others are constructed to fire at the magazines of the fors 
tress, in order, if possible, to detroy them. Such bat- 
teries also may be advantageously constructed, even be- 
fore the trenches are opened, on heights commanding the _ 
town ; and mortar-shells filled with combustible matter, 
or red hot balls, as well as fire-rockets, may here be of 
great use, in obliging a fortress to surrender long before 
a breach has been made. A battery in the parallel, 
however, is constructed in the shortest time, and there« 
fore often the best. Its construction is as follows: The 
parallel is made equal in width to the depth of the bat- 
tery; the platforms for the guns are laid; the’ inside of 
the parapet is finished to the height of the soles of the 
embrasures, and the embrasure ; then the parapet 
is finished, and afterwards also the embrasures, which 
generally, as well as the interior talus of the parapet, are 
lined with fascines. The batteries for mortars have no 
embrasures, but are lined like those for guns. The pa- 
rallel is in this case conducted round the battery, viz. be- 
hind it, in the same manner as ‘PARALLELS are built. The 
battery has generally a parapet, either at its flanks, or 
before them, but none behind. 
A battery before or behind the parallel is dug out, in 
ite a different way. The inner talus is determined at 
at a proper distance from the parallel and fascines 
being laid down to mark it out, a ditch is dug out before 
it, and the parapet constructed in the same manner as 
directed in field-fortifications, observing the above rules 
with regard to the construction of the embrasures, The 
two wings or flanks of sach a parapet are joined to the 
J, and serve to secure the communication with it. 
At the back of these batteries, generally behind a small 
traverse, a powder-magazine is constructed to contain 
ammunition enough for two days, or about 200 shots for 
each gun, and 150 for each mortar. 
The men employed to construct such a battery, should 
be acquainted with the work. These batteries being al- 
so constructed during the night, will hardly be complete 
