History. 
. disorder or 
—\— also suffered 
. killed and 
ince te 
Lyons. 
% FRANCE. 
confusion was visible. The French army 
severely, 6000 of their troops having been 
lled and wounded. On this occasion Francis display- 
ed the valour of a brave man; Charles of Bourbon, his 
constable, the wisdom and experience of a t com- 
mander :' to him the success of the battle of Marignano 
' The Swiss were now tired of a contest, in the issue 
of which they had no immediate concern ; and their army 
was recalled. Sforza, therefore, was left to defend his 
territories by his own forces alone. His cause was hope- 
less ; but he sought to prolong his fate, by retiring into 
the castle of Milan. The French army, however, full 
of ardour, flushed with victory, and guided: by the cool- 
ness and skill of the Constable, soon compelled Sforza 
fo surrender the castle, on the condition that he should 
enjoy a retreat and a pension in France. 
acted in conformity with this policy. He sought an in- 
terview with Francis, whom he received with a flattery 
which he knew would find its way to the feelings of the 
French monarch. After this interview, Francis return- 
ed to Lyons. 
Had not Francis been more ardent than penetrating, 
he would not have forsaken Italy at this moment; but 
he unife ed, through his whole life, qualities 
and which prompted him to enterprise, but for- 
success of his plans. 
Among the confederates against him was Ferdinand of 
Soon’ after the return of Francis to his own 
om, this monarch died. He had always opposed 
of the French against Naples; his death, 
doligun which, tle i ec sal chee 
igns, which, it is probable, were sti i 
by Francis. At any rate, a rival was removed, whose 
dread. 
Ferdinand, though his successor 
; and by this want of foresight— 
for history compels us to his conduct to any other 
motive but a scrupulous regard to justice—not that Fran- 
¢is was more lax in this respect than the other sovereigns 
of his age,—he suffered a rival to rise up in the fulness 
of his strength, still more formidable than the one from 
whom death had just freed him. The successor of Fer- 
dinand was Charles V.; and under him were now united 
a most formidable kingdom in the Old World, and terri- 
tories in the New, which promised an inexhaustible source 
_ In the mean time, the Emperor Maximilian had in- 
vaded the Milanese with an army of 40,000 men; but 
the Constable Bourbon, with an inferior force, obliged 
him to retire. Francis also made an attempt to rescue 
Navarre from Spain, and to reinstate on its throne its 
cocoa, a ge but in th gdpey baa 
principally by Sagacity ar ence of Cardinal 
Ximenes, who at that Emme riled ah 
Charles V., at his accession to the throne of Ferdi- 
‘nand, was disposed to continue the war with Francis, 
especially on the side of Flanders, where he was when 
Ferdinand died; but the Flemin were averse to a war, 
ae ther to the los oftheir commerce Fran- 
on his side, was desirous of securing his conquests 
—" circumstances, a treaty of peace 
S, 
557 
was easily and speedily concluded at Noyon between tha History: 
ee 
two monarchs. By this treaty, Francis was to give in 
marriage to Charles his eldest daughter, and with her re- 
Peace be- 
tween Fran- 
sign all his pretensions to the throne of Naples. Charles, cis and 
till the marriage took place, was to pay 100,000 crowns Charles V- 
a year to the King of France, in consideration of his being 
already in possession of Naples ; and Francis was left at 
liberty tosupport the heirs of the King of Navarre, provided 
they could not make out their claim to the satisfaction of 
Charles. Peace was thus restored for a short time ;\ but 
in 1519, the Emperor Maximilian expired; and it was 
easy to foresee, that the election of a successor would 
give rise to hostilities. The probability of this event was 
still further increased, when it was known that Charles 
and Francis were competitors for the imperial dignity. pa aap 
r the im- 
They had indeed, from the first, agreed to carry on the 
competition with emulation, but without enmity ; and pity, 
Francis, with his natural and characteristic vivacity and 
frankness, declared to Charles, «« We are both suitors to 
the same mistress ; the more fortunate will win her, but 
the other must remain contented.” It was, however, not 
to be expected that the loser would be:contented. The 
prize was of infinitely too great value to be’ sought for 
and lost with quiet feelings. As the sovereignty at which 
they aimed could be obtained only by means of the‘elec- 
tors, money and influence, not arms, were to decide to 
whom it was to fall. Francis was profuse in his expen- 
diture of money on this occasion, but his influence was 
small. The Germans were partial to the house of Aus- 
tria; and the voice of Frederic of Saxony decided the 
dig- 
contest. Charles was raised'to the imperial dignity, and Charles ob- 
Francis retired disappointed, and rankling after revenge. tains it. 
Influenced by these feelings, he sought and obtained the 
alliance of teas of England ; but Henry was ‘of too 
fickle a character to be long faithful to his promises. 
Charles knew this, and a very short time saw the emperor 
and Henry united. Francis next turned his thoughts to- 
wards the Pope, who, hoping to serve his own interest, 
by employing one monarch to expel the other from Italy, 
gre encouragement to the expectations and wishes of 
rancis. By the German constitution, the kings of Na- 
ples were for ever excluded from the imperial dignity. 
According to this regulation, Charles ought not to have 
been elected emperor ; but as his election had taken place, 
Tapered Francis declared that he had forfeited his right 
aples. This was one cause for war ; and another was 
not wanting: The emperor, as king of Spain, refused 
‘to do justice to the heirs of the king of Navarre ; and in 
this event, by the treaty of Noyon, Francis was at lie 
berty to support them. The kingdom of Navarre’re- The French 
ceived the French with open arms, Charles was taken invade Na- 
unprepared ; his forces were employed in‘ quelling some Y*'T¢ 
commotions which had arisen in Spain ; and Navarre 
seemed on the point of being completely conquered, 
when it was saved to Charles by the rashness of the 
French general, who, before he had completed the con- 
quest, entered Catalonia, whence he was driven with 
disgrace, and his army afterwards defeated, and himself 
taken prisoner. As this war had been carried on by 
Francis in the name of Henry D’Albret, who claimed 
the kingdom of Navarre, it did not immediately occa- 
sion “hostilities between Francis and Charles. In the 
mean time, the former was nearly deprived of his life by 
an accident. While he was en in the diversion of 
attacking with snow-balls the house of the Count de Pol, 
he was wounded in the head by a torch. For o long 
