FRANCE 
Cardinal Rebiba was directed to protract his negocia- History. 
—— 
which was garrisoned soned by French ti , under the com- 
mand of Montluc. oe eta eon all in his 
‘to 
who was opposed to the Duke of Alva. Notwithstand- 
ing the great talents of his rival, and the lly dis- 
couraging circumstance, that his were inferior 
in numbers to the Imperialists, he not only baffled the 
that he would seon compel him 
to retreat into France, but he even into that 
peror had hitherto 
his supplies, 
termination of abandoning his throne, and spending 
i is days in retirement. To this de- 
assumed the name of Paul IV. immediately demanded 
the ion of the French, affirmed the investiture 
endeavour to ne- 
The great bar against 
of France, was the hich Henry 
cluded with Phoadbetn G?"tihens An 
567 
tion as long as possible ; and Cardinal Caraffa was em» 
powered to urge the King of France to renounce the 
treaty, or to elude its engagements, and to renew his al- 
liance with the court of Rome. - The Cardinal was by 
no means unacquainted with the feeble and yielding 
parts of Henry’s character: he knew that he was en- 
tirely under the guidance and influence of his queen, 
the Guises, and his mistress Diana of Poitiers: to 
these, therefore, he applied ; and paving gained them 
by his address, they easily swayed the king, who al- 
ready leaned to that side towards which they wished 
him to incline, his own genius, warlike and enterpri- 
sing, his habits and his hopes, that the successor of 
Charles would be a less formidable ee strongly 
urging him again to try the fate of war. e only per- 
son of consequence int the French court, who bk om 
the measures of the Cardinal, the influence of the 
Guises, the queen, and Henry’s mistress, and the secret 
wishes of the monarch himself, was Montmorency ; but 
his efforts and remonstrances were unavailing. The Broken by 
nuncio, by powers from Rome, absolved Henry from Henry. 
his oath, and he signed a new league with the Pope. 
Paul, as soon as he learnt the success of his intrigues, 
immediately threw off the mask, and no longer pro- 
fessed himself the friend of peace, or the mediator be- 
tween the monarchs; on the contrary, he ordered the 
Spanish ambassador to be imprisoned ; he excommuni- 
cated the Colonnas, because they were attached to the 
cause of Philip; and when that monarch received this 
noble family in his dominions, the Pope proclaimed 
him guilty of high treason, and to have forfeited his 
right to the kingdom of Naples, which he was suppo- 
sed to hold of the Holy See. Against those proceed- 
ings of the sovereign pontiff, the superstitious educa= 
tion of Philip at first prevented him from proceeding 
in the manner in which a regard to his own dignity, 
and to the interests of his kingdom, imperiously de- 
manded'; but as the arrogance and hostility of the Pope 
Were only augmented by the moderation and supersti- 
tious reverence which Philip displayed, that monarch 
at ee resolved to adopt a more vigorous and deter- 
mined line of conduct ; and the Duke of Alva was com- 
manded to enter the ecclesiastical territories. No soon- 
er had the light troops of his army reached the gates of 
Rome, ned Paul a vomition of arms. To 
this, Alva consented ; and a truce, first for 10, and then 
for 40 days, was concluded, 
Henry entered on the new war with great alacrity 
and vigour. A numerous army, well appointed, was 
placed under the command of the Duke of Guise, who 
was ordered to lose no time in crossing the Alps, and 
advancing into Italy. This he accordingly did, A. D. 
1557. As soon as the Pope heard of the advance of 
represented 
and injustice of sacrificing the undoubted and real 
terests of his country to any rash engagements into 
which he might have entered ; and this tation, 
with an express stipulation that the Roman iff 
should be included in the truce, removed the doubts 
His army 
enters Italy, 
A. D, 1557. 
z 
this powerful army, he threw aside all disguise ; breath- 
ed et ch war and revenge; and became more 
arrogant ever. He probably would not so soon 
have displayed his real character and wishes, had: not 
the Duke of Alva judged it prudent to leave the papal 
territories, and advance to the protection of Naple: 
against which it was supposed the Duke of Guise would 
direct his more immediate and principal efforts. » But 
the latter, though he had been eager for the war, and 
hoped to measure his talents against the Spanish com- 
mander, soon found that he should be able to atchieve 
nothing of im nce. The Pope, though so indig- 
nant against Philip, had neg’ to raise both the pe- 
euniary and military aids, with which he had engaged 
tosupply the F when they entered Italy, and the 
