FRANCE. 
- To prevent the union of Spain and the Imperial throne 
F pa in one person, it was agreed that the Archduke should 
. na amet ie patsah tone, in case he was rai- 
’ sed to the dignity of king of the Romans, by the death 
, of his eldest brother. Onthe other hand, in order to 
treaty of partition. The King of Spain nominated the 
Archduke Charles his universal basa that it was 
evident that the partition treaty would be of no effect, 
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ip V. His grand- 
father, at parting with him, exclaimed, “ There are no 
more ! He was acknowledged by the Pope, 
the potentates, 
of Savoy, Venice, the northern 
of 3 was to 
4. D. 1701. prevent the union of France and Spain and the Frenc 
taking possession of the Spanish dominions in America ; 
609 
the death of the King of England, the main spring of History. 
this treaty, threw the allies almost into despair, and oc- “~~ 
casioned the most indecent joy at the court of France. 
The succession of Anne, however, and her immediate 
declaration that she adhered to the d alliance, revi- 
ved ths hopes and the fears of the confederates and the 
French. : 
Even before the grand alliance was formed, war had War in 
begun in Italy between France and the Emperor. Itly, 
Prince Eugene, ‘who commanded the Imperial army of 
50,000 men, penetrated through the district of Trent ; 
the French general Catinat not conceiving himself au- 
thorised to obstruct his , In consequence of or- 
ders from his court. The Milanese was thus exposed 
to danger ; and Catinat was replaced by the Marquis of 
Villeroi. This general imprudently attacked Eugene, 
and was defea The first campaign, after the forma 
tion of the alliance, was not distinguished by any 
great event. In Italy, Eugene was not able to follow 
up his successes, as his army was greatly inferior to the 
combined forces of France and Spain ; indeed, he was 
obliged to raise the blockade of tua, and was de- 
feated in attempting to surprise the French general 
On the upper Rhine, the Germany, 
- Vendome near pati Es 
Prince of Baden was defeated by the Marquis de Villars, and lan- 
who, for this victory, was immediately afterwards crea- ¢¢* 
ted a marshal of France. On the side of Flanders, the 
cause of the Bourbons was not so prosperous. ‘The 
Earl of Marl h,; by his masterly movements, suc- 
ceeded in getti een the enemy and the principal 
towns of ish Guelderland, and reduced such of 
them as epened the navigation of the Maese, and afree. 
communication with Maestricht. By sea, Louis was 
unfortunate, the Priva having destroyed at Vigo a 
fleet of galleons, which had an immense ge fate 
ney on In the beginning of 1703, the of 
Savoy, who had been long wavering, concluded a trea- 
pt the Em . On the 20th of September in 
year, the Imperialists were defeated with 
slaughter at Hochstet, by Marshal Villars and the Elecs 
tor of Bavaria. The consequences of this victory were 
the reduction of Augsburg, and the epening of a pas- 
to Vienna itself. About the same time, the Duke 
urgundy made himself master of old Brisac ; and, 
before the end of the campaign, Marshal Tallard retook 
Landau, and defeated the ice of Hesse, who was ad- 
vancing to its relief. 
Soon afterwards, Louis was under the necessity of re- Revolt in 
calling Marshal Villars, in uence of a revolt in the Ce- 
the Cevennes. This revolt was occasioned by the per- Y™* 
secutions of the Protestants, who, roused by some pre- 
tended p and prophetesses, were maddened with 
religious ry and enthusiasm. Their war-cry was, 
“ No taxes, and liberty of conscience!” The more they 
suffered, the greater was their inveteracy and constan- 
cy. They pce inhabited lonely and desolate 
mountains, from which they rushed like wild beasts, 
and to which they returned when they were pursued or 
attacked. Marshal Villars, ashamed of having been re- 
called from scenes of real glory to war against these 
people, and moreover finding that they could not be 
completely subdued, thought it better to treat with one 
of their chiefs, a young baker, to whom the rank of 
colonel was given. The rebels, however, did not sub- 
mit at this time; but they were afterwards reduced, 
and almost exterminated by the Duke of Berwick. 
During the absence of Villars, Marshal Tallard was 
with the command. The lines of the Elec- 
4u 
