of pacification settled between 
Their example was followed by 
of , the King of Portugal, and the 
the last of whom, finding himself unable to 
support any military operations in Spain, agreed to the 
evacuation 
fore, all the belligerent powers, except the Emperor, 
being disposed for peace, negociations were opened at 
Utrecht. 
Peace of On the 31st of March 1713, sam oo i 
Usecht, at Utrecht by the plenipotentiaries rance, En k 
A D-1713: Portugal, Prassia, Savoy, and the United Provinces 
the King of Spain refusing to sign the stipulations, till 
a principality was sieviden in the Netherlands for the 
Princess Orsini, the favourite of his queen. So far as 
France was concerned, the principal articles were, that 
Philip V. should renounce all claim to the throne of 
that tenes that the Dukes of Berry and Orleans, 
the next heirs to the French monarchy after the infant 
Dauphin, should renounce all right to the crown of 
Spain, in the event of their accession to the crown of 
France; that the Rhine should form the boundary of 
the German empire on the side of France ; and thatall 
fortifications beyond that river, possessed or claimed by 
France, should either be relinquished to the emperor 
or destroyed ; that Luxemburg, Namur, and Charle- 
roi, should be given to the United Provinces, as a bar- 
rier, along with Mons, Menon, Tournay, &c. already 
in their session; that Lisle, Aire, Bethune, and 
Dinant, should be restored to France; that Louis 
should acknowledge the title of Queen Anne, and the 
eventual succession of the house of Hanover to the 
British throne ; that the fortifications of Dunkirk should 
be demolished, and the harbour filled up ; that New- 
foundland, Hudson’s Bay, and Nova Scotia, should be 
gs up by France to England ; and that the title of 
ing of Prussia should be recognised 
Louis, who 
should at the same time to cede to him the town 
of Gueldres, with part of Spanish Guelderland. 
As the Emperor continued obstinate, two months 
were allowed to him to sign the treaty ; in the course 
of which, as Louis had now no other enemy, and Prince 
Eugene was not sufficiently strong to oppose Marshal 
Villars, the latter successively took Worms, Spires, and 
Landau ; pierced the lines which the prince had or- 
dered to be drawn from the Brisgaw, and defeated Gene- 
ral Vaubonne in his entrenchments, The Emperor now 
was anxious for peace, and conferences were 
between Prince Eugene and Marshal Villars at Radstadt. 
The terms of this treaty, which was concluded on the 
6th of March 1714, were less favourable to the Empe- 
ror than those offered at Utrecht, as the King of France 
retained Landau, which he had formerly proposed to 
cede, and the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne fully 
re-establi in their dominions. About the same 
time, Louis persuaded the King of Spain to forego bis 
absurd claim in behalf of the Princess Orsini, and to 
o — aoe — pacification. 
Death is did not survive this peace: he died on 
character the Ist of ber a 
ron reed 1715, inthe 78th year of his 
ob 176, The events of his reign sufficiently illustrate his the: 
racter asa monarch. His love of glory and ambition 
were insatiable, and leapt over the boundaries of jus- 
tice and humanity, in order to attain its wishes. His 
has, however, been doubted ; it is certain, at 
Jeast, that he never exposed his person, and never, 
while he commanded the army, anhertdk the siege of 
# place which he was not certain to reduce, or fought a 
battle which he was not certain to win, It must be said 
FRANCE. 
in exculpation 
| 
of her generals, and 
Bourdaloue, 
and Massillon, taught him his duty ;—Vauban fortified 
his towns ; Riquet formed his canals ;—Perrault and 
Mansard constructed his which were embellish- 
ed by Le Pouissin, Le Seur, and Le Brun ;—Corneille, 
Racine, Moliere, Quenault, La Fontaine, Bruyere, and 
Boileau, relieved his more serious cares, by their wit 
and literature ;—and Fenelon, Huet, Flechier, Beauvil- 
liers, and Bossuet, were the instructors of his children. 
Louis seems to have seen the folly, if not the injus- 
tice, of his pursuits before he died; for he made use of 
the following memorable expressions to his successor— 
« Endeavour to preserve peace with your neighbours ; 
I have been d of war; do not imitate me in that, 
or in being ive. Take advice on all occa- 
sions, and endeavour to discover the best, that you 
may always follow it. Relieve your le as soon as 
you can ; and do that, which unfortun I could not 
do.” He also advised him never to forget his duty to- 
wards God. : 
By an edict, which was-regi in 1714, he called 
his legitimated children to succession, failing the 
princes of the blood ; but this 
1717. 
The Duke of Orleans, soon after the death of Louis R ry 
XIV. appealed to the decision of the Parliament of the Duke: 
Paris against the will of that monarch, and was ap. ° Or 
pointed by them sole regent. Although ively ad- 
dicted to pleasure, yet, in the early part of his admi- 
nistration, his measures were ar, wise, and bene- 
ficial. He restored to the parliament the right of re- 
‘monstrating against the edicts of the crown; compelled 
those who had plundered the people, by their extortions 
during the late reign, to give up their unjustly acquired 
washes sepengledl the towns and districts that had t been 
thinned by the ravages of war; nourished commerce 
and agriculture ; and entered into a close alliance with 
Great Britain and the United Provinces. But his mea- 
sures were interrupted, and his power threatened, by 
edict was revoked in 
the intrigues of the Cardinal Alberoni, first minister of 
Spain. This man, persuading Philip V. that his’ re- 
nunciation of the throne of France was invalid, and 
that he had a better right to it than the Duke of Or- 
leans, in case of the death of Louis XV. endeavoured 
to inflame those who were discontented with the mea- 
sures of the Duke. But his plots having been disco- 
vered, his adherents in France were executed, and the 
Duke’s authority was henceforth more firmly establish- 
ed. Soon after this, the Duke formed the quadruple 
alliance ; and Alberoni still continuing his intrigues, a 
declaration of war against Spain was issued by Great 
Britain and France. The e of Berwick, who had 
the command of one of the ba to Pe a —s-4 
ed towards the frontiers of Spain, took possession 
St Sebastian and Fontarabia’; and having ‘caries 
parations for the siege of some other places in that 
a So ee 
Serer th 
