Timtory. 
Campaign 
af 1797. 
Butle of 
Rivoli. 
638 
Lake of Constance. @n his rear the Austrian general 
hang incessantly: his route through the Black Forest 
was occupied iy numerous bodies of Austrians and 
armed peasintry, while his right flank was harassed by 
another arn ot 24,000 men, Notwithstanding the ex- 
treme difficulties of this critical situation, he continued 
his retreat in the most excellent order, and actually 
more than once turned = and the army 
thet was pursuing him. The dreadful passage of the 
valley of Hell, overhung with lofty mountains, and in 
some places only a few fathoms broad, was forced by 
the centre of his army in a mass, while the wings op- 
the Austrian armies that h on his rear and 
anks. On the 15th of October arrived at Fri- 
burg ; but he was soon afterwards forced by the Arch- 
duke to abandon all his positions on that side of the 
Rhine, except Kebl. This place also the Archduke 
was resolved to reduce ; but not being able to succeed, 
and the French, finding their whole frontier exposed, 
the latter evacuated it in the beginning of 1797. 
The first object of the Austrians in 1797, was the re- 
lief of Mantua. General Alvingi’s army was upwards 
of 50,000 strong. At first they were so successful 
against a division of Bonaparte’s army, that their im- 
mediate capture was expected. As soon as that gene- 
ral was informed of their critical situation, he hastened 
to their relief. On the 14th of January, a most obsti- 
nate battle took place at Rivoli. The centre of the 
French was on the point of giving way, both their 
flanks were surrounded, and the defeat of Bonaparte 
seemed certain, when, by a masterly manceuvre, he 
completely changed the fortune of the day, penetrated 
the right wing of the Austrians at various points, and 
threw them into such disorder, that 4000 of them 
threw down their arms. On the following day, 6000 
more were surrounded and taken prisoners. 
parte now hastened to meet that of the Austrian 
army which was threatening the lines of the blockade, 
and succeeded in capturing the whole of them. The 
defence of Mantua being now hopeless, General Wurm- 
ser capitulated. 
The humiliation of the Pope was the next object of 
Bonaparte. The forces of his Holiness were soon sub- 
dued, and he was compelled to sign a peace, dictated by 
the French general. 
The French government having failed in their at- 
tempt to reduce the Emperor to submission by the 
campaign on the western side of Germany, resolved to 
a into his hereditary dominions on the side of 
taly.. They, therefore, sent strong reinforcements to 
Bonaparte. On the other hand, the Archduke Charles 
took the command on the southern frontiers of Aus- 
tria ; but, instead of walang the enemy in the moun- 
tains, he was directed by the council of war at Vienna 
to descend into the plains, and defend the rivers. The 
consequences of this absurd plan were fatal to the Aus- 
trians, who were driven from all their positions, and 
lost their principal magazines. In fifteen days Bona- 
parte took 20,000 prisoners, and effected the 
of the Alps, His way to Vienna was now open; but 
not insensible of the to which even his success- 
ful progress had exposed hin, he wrote to the Arch- 
duke on the 31st of March, ing peace. The 
latter replied, that he had no Pithority to treat ; and, 
in the mean time, the inhabitants. of the Tyrol rose 
en masse, Neither they, however, nor the ular 
Austrian armies, were able to stop the the 
French, who, on the 2d of a forced the strong de- 
files between Friesach and Newark. This success, and 
FRANCE — 
soothen defect wibichastine Anptalens moteinal sei 
, indu _Emperor ap ew ge on 
were to 
hile these operations were going 
Carasny’ apamie iinaten ied 7 
vented the Austrians on the Rhine from sending rein- 
were still divisions and di 
government at Paris. A decided majori 
Ag = — 
were e Moderate ; but, in consequence of 
some violent Aliscanions respect finance, and the re- 
storation of the propert emigrants, the legisla- 
tive and executive fretthes became professed i 
to each other. General Hoche, with a division of | 
army, was brought into the neighbourhood of Paris 
Italy by the opposite . The latter surrounded the 
Thurs, and made Pi : 
ite faction pri ; Carnot escaped, but 
Barthelemy was put eo net afterwards 
the councils, in a most 
ner, voted the I 
own members, and 12 other 
were Barthelemy and Pichegra,_ In Fyne "the 
displaced directors, the legislature chose Merlin and 
Francis de Neufchateau. About this time. the nego-. 
a with England, conducted by Lord;Malmsbury, 
‘ai “ 
= 
duct of the French towards the Pope, Switzerland, and 
arin happen teares dhe Romaicaeeeeeean 
ances ween the 
ion of the inhabitants who remained faithful to his 
oliness. In the course of these disturbances a French 
eral was shot, and Joseph Bonaparte, who was 
there as plenipotentiary, demanded his passports, and 
returned to nate. iy Ee, Ags ne qoveied she 
ion of Vienna, Spain, , t 
protecti ee Ee ent 
they would not in an 
pry. ecg inst Rome, subverted the dominion 
of the Ro- 
Pope, and proclaimed the sovereignty of the 
man le. Ever since the first successes of 
parte in Italy, the French had instructed their 
to demand, or take by apo, one mearm 
intings, antiquities, &c.; but on capture 
tes, Tistead of being sent to Paris, as) the. 
ther dines Resi. been, were, eh one aa 
In Switzerland, French principles had been 
fully ; [ 
solved to take advan of this circumstance, 
duce this country. A eee similar to that which 
th 
Z 
a 
i 
4% 
E 
soon found, that not only a large portion Sf the inka 
