? 
story- tants of this canton, but also of the army, were disaf- 
, fected. Notwithstanding this, they imprudently de- 
, creed the rising of the people in a mass: the people did 
rise, but they dissolved the government, They were, 
; however, by no means willing, that the French should 
interfere in their disputes, and therefore offered terms 
‘to them, which were rejected. The enemy continued 
to advance ; the Swiss in vain them, and in- 
jured their own cause by murdering their officers, af- 
ter acomplete defeat that they suffered early in March. 
Berne capitulated, and most of the other cantons fol- 
lowed its example. A new constitution was framed at 
Paris for this country ; but the inhabitants of the small- 
er and more democratic cantons refused to accept it, 
and took up arms. At their head was Aloys Reding, a 
man of superior purity of patriotism and talents ; but 
all his efforts were imavaling, the confederacy being 
soon dissolved by the arts and the overwhelming power 
French. Scarcely, however, had an accommo- 
ce, when new commotions arose, which 
madness of ir ; even the women 
into the midst of the battle; and the robust 
mountaineers egg Beare Frenchmen to death in 
rt The F: retaliated, by the infliction of 
ies of cruelty that they could devise ; and, af- 
but aaa contest, overthrew the inde- 
or of Naples. he prudently placed 
i aples having impruden 80 
lence in the cigshehiotione of the S of 
— 
L 
g% 
é 
i 
j 
. 
vi 
i 
5 
aay ote 
; 
2 
the Nile, as to declare war against the French, to 
; advance to the re-conquest of Rome, the Di re- 
o solved to crush him. This was an easy task ; the Nea- 
: 
abi 
! 
troops, being driven from Ca- 
a 
against France. The Rus- 
commenced hostilities in the Levant, 
soon after they heard of the victory of the Nile; and 
being subsidized by Britain, they marched an army of 
45,000 men to the confines of Germany. Austria, how- 
Soe ait first afraid to en a gerne 
not giving a satisfactory answer to the French, who 
declared, that thie entrance of the Russian into 
would be considered as a declaration of war, 
, on the 13th of March 1799, ordered the 
i against the Em- 
sdivitied'@n Hie sdaypits 
soon reduced the Grisons; 
FRANCE. 
’ 
639 
but he was defeated in his next enterpr:ze. the re- History. 
duction of the post of Feldrich, which was held by "Vv" 
the Austrian General Hotze. The Austrians, how- 
ever, could reap little advantage from this success, but 
deemed it prudent to retreat into the Tyrol. The Arch- 
duke was opposed to Jourdan, and he was more suc- 
cessful ; the French general being obliged to retreat 
with considerable loss. Jourdan was soon afterwards 
removed, and Massena appointed to command his 
army. 
But the most important scene of operations this year Operations 
was Italy, where the Austrians were successful in se- kane 
veral en, ts, even before the junction of the Pro, soa 
Russians, This event took place about the beginning’ a ustrians, 
of April, and Suwarrow, who assumed the’comman 
of the combined army, resolved to pursue a bold plan 
of operations. Moreau was bse saree to him, but the 
Russian general deceived his adv , drove him from 
his entrenchments on the Adda, and obliged him to re- 
treat to Pavia, after having suffered a dreadful: loss. 
Moreau shortly afterwards gained some successes over 
a detached part of the Russian army, but Suwarrow 
adyancing, he was obliged to continue his retreat. At 
this crisis, Macdonald, who commanded the French 
army in the south of Italy, a forward for the pur- 
of joining Moreau. But he found that it would 
bow viously necessary to attack the allies; and Moreau 
endeavoured, by circulating a rt that he was about 
to receive reinforcements, to withdraw the attention of 
Suwarrow from Macdonald. The latter began his ope- 
rations on the 12th of June; and succeeded so far as 
to enter into Parma on the 14th; but his progress was 
arrested on the 17th. As soon as Suwarrow was inform- 
ed of his advance, he left Turin at the head of 20,000, 
and came up with him on the banks of the Tedone: 
for three days, there was a succession of desperate 
battles; and the victory was at last obtained by the 
Russians, in consequence of General Kray, who com- 
manded the army besieging Mantua, arriving, in direct 
opposition to his orders, with reinforcements. 
Suwarrow was indefatigable in his pursuit of the beaten 
army, and having surrounded their rear guard, it was 
obliged to surrender: the remainder took refuge in the 
Apennines and in the Genoese territory. Moreau, in 
the mean time, was victorious over the Austrian Ge- 
neral Pellets ; but his victory availed little, in con- 
sequence of the success of Suwarrow, and the Italian 
fortresses fell into the hands of the allies. Soon after~ 
wards, in consequence of a political change in Paris, 
Joubert was ordered to supersede Moreau, who, how- 
ever, continued in the army as a volunteer. It was 
the plan of Joubert to bring Suwarrow to battle as 
speedily as ible ; and being reinforced by the re- 
mains of Macdonald’s army, he succeeded in his plan 
at Novi, on the 15th of August. Scarcely had the en- 
tt commenced, when Joubert was killed, and 
oreau resumed the command : the victory was doubt- 
ful, till it was decided by the right flank of the French 
being turned. This division immediately fled, and the 
rest of the army joined in the retreat, whieh they con- 
tinued till they took up a strong position in the Ge~ 
po elon = ag The surrender of Tortona was alm 
the only t of this victory. : . 
The Directory, thus unsuccessful in Italy, resolved In Switzer 
to make Switzerland the scene of operations, and 4nd. 
to adopt a new plan. In the month of August, Mas- 
sena had the command here of 70,000. men; and be~ 
ing superior to the Archduke, whose position he threat- 
ened, Suwarrow marched to his relief. But the ca- 
3 
