‘690 
white vitriol, and lapis calaminaris. The latter is very 
abundant at Saint Sauveur, in the Cevennes, at Pierre- 
ville in the department of the Channel, at Montalit near 
Saumur, and other 
Cobalt is found in the silver, and bismuth in the lead 
mines. The former is chiefly met with in the mines 
of Alsace ; and bismuth in the mines of Bextasly, Saint 
Sauveur, &e. 
Manganese. Manganese is in great abundance. ; The mine of this 
metal at Romanéche in the department) of ‘the Saone 
ms Loire, nants of te - bat were rsa pain ide in 
the departments e Loire an osges, and near 
Perigord, whence it is sometimes ae Pierre de Peri- 
rd. 
o" The only mine of mercury that is now wrought, is sat 
Menildot, in the department of Calvados. The quick- 
silver mines in the department of the Channel have 
been abandoned. 
Before proceeding to our economical account of the 
coal mines of France, we shall notice some particulars 
connected with their mineralogical and geological cha- 
ae which we thought it better to refer to this 
The coal strata of Provence are situated at the foot 
of the highest mountains of Lower Provence ; they run 
along a soil of a whitish red colour, and traverse a 
pretty uniform range of hills, whose internal structure 
presents nothing very remarkable to the ordinary ob- 
server. To the first layer of earth, a hed of stone suc- 
ceeds, of various thickness, and followed by a layer of 
earth of the same nature as the first, which in turn 
on new beds of hard stone. » This series con- 
tinues to a mane d “ee and then the earth layers 
are no lon hey are succeeded by those of 
coal, which are ; ceed included between beds of lime- 
sae org seldom va! any considerable orn 
vea texture, and in proportion as a 
proach to the coal, change ac sk from a lath 
shade ; hence the 
as schistose; thong 
Statistics. 
—\— 
Cobalt. 
‘Mercury, 
Coal strata 
in Pro- 
vence, 
Phite toa blue of li bet oF d 
might at first sight 
they are unquestionabl careous, and abound in: ma- 
rine and river shells; is disposition of the coal strata 
of Provence extends over a district of more than 20 
leagues in length ; but the thickness of the seams seldom 
exceeds two or three feet. This situation of coal is cu- 
rious, as it puts beyond a doubt the existence of coal in 
limestone, which been long denied. . The coal of 
Alais, a town in the department of Gard, near the foot 
of the Cevennes, presents a mixture of: calcareous mat- 
ter, and is often t for the express of ob- 
taining lime. The geology of this provincial district 
of France also furnishes an instance of the occasional 
interposition of layers of peat earth between those of 
coal, thongh: it dony-he bted whether the alleged 
peat may not more properly be classed with vitriolic 
or bituminous earth, ,or even perhaps with fossil wood: 
Many of the coal strata in France are encompassed: by 
— rocks ; while most. of those in ‘England and 
landers are insulated in secon soil, 
~Other coal The.other most considerable coal mines in France are 
canines, those in the Lyonnois at Forez, in the department of 
the Rhone and Loire, in Burgundy, Auvergne, and 
Franche Compté. The mines inthe Lyonnois, and 
those at Forez, are among the most important; they are 
situated in a valley extending from the Rhone ;to the 
Loire, in a direction from north-east to-sbathemest, be- 
tween two chains of primitive mountains, occupy- 
ing in length a space of six or seven leagues, from 
Rive-de-Gier to Firmine. In one part of the valley, 
FRANCE. 
equal ; sometimes amounting to 
ud sells ted thant dee gr om 
Ino neigh, 
bool of Rive Se eran 
work; and in one 2, 
tals of coal. Pears wel no longer 2 ee belies co Pause 
is not n to notice its: vie extendive and valuable 
pete tae g bet ves t 
In French H plinpairieitec sions fnipannentis 
villages of Fresne, Conde, Augin, &c. which have been 
wrought for a considerable of time: there are also 
mines in the Bourbonnois, Boulonnois, Ni 
coal is found within three feet of the surface ; tras 
meux ; between Beaune and Autun’ in the of 
the Cote D'Or; in several places in reer 
near Chapelle ;_Montrellois, and Niort ; ‘at Livry 
Lower Normandy; and in the neighbourhood of Paris, 
Buffon estimated the coal mines which were constant- 
] ee at 400 ; and added 
t 200 more were capable wrought. In 
1798, Lefebre published sopunt of the different coal 
mines in France ; the abetanse of which we uhall give; 
though of course it includes the mines in those departs 
ments, particularly those formed out nao the permed 
of Liege, which no longer to France. 
ea kees a -eoal -was-actually State ofthe 
wrought in 47 departments of the empire ; that indica- col mines 
ioe enema gsacrr er em traced in’ 16 others ; ® 179%- 
t the yearly produce mines of 84 departments 
had been fairly estimated at 77,600,000 quintals ; that 
p Sak monue anna number on quintals 
termin ents 
would be 81,700,000, ‘which, if converted into 
on the coal grounds, would fetch 38,280,000 francs ; 
and that more than 60,000 individuals earned their sub- 
sistence at the coaleries, independently of those who 
In the annual of the French government Of the 
Caniod tiie each t-tocp ceasilagharleaies totais is 
e,) a is drawn 
of the sheto of the aninee ta Rise for it was Somat 
put in requisition. | 
of course must be. 
Pm am there were, in 1814, 478 mines of 
actually working, which em 
17,000 men, and produced a raw material of the 
of 26,800,000 francs, and a revenue’ to the state of 
251,000 franes. From the small number of men em< 
ployed, as well as from the estimate of the value of the 
Fa mater oe expression raw materiai it- 
‘statement must as not 
coal mines, but only mines thedi Speamennitaat 
in Frances. . - Pitney paveePry 
on det. ia} found toi the of the Aube, the Jet, 
Garde, and the Ardeche ; principally in the i 
bourhood of. three ‘villagenj fn Ae’ t of the. 
Aube, in the south-west of Languedoc. It is in beds 
