122 
Statistics. imported a great deal of paper from France; towards 
~~" the middle of that century, however, the paper trade of 
Hides. 
Hats. 
Nails. 
Steel, 
Jewellery. 
France declined, in consequence of these countries ma- 
king paper nearly sufficient for their, own consumption. 
Previously to the Revolution, the chief paper manufac- 
tures of France were at Annonay, in the department 
of the Ardeche, very fine paper is manufactured here; 
at Montargis, in the department of the Loiret ; at Es- 
sone, Courtalin; Rambervillier, in the department of 
the Vosges: Besancon, Ornant, Villafaut, Arbois, Ar- 
ches, Archettes, and St Bresson, The total number of 
manufactories before the Revolution was about 200. 
Three classes of white for writing and printing 
are made ; each class is divided into eight ar ten diffe- 
rent sorts : different coloured papers and pasteboards 
are also made ; and paper hangings, executed with con- 
siderable taste, at Paris. Before the Revolution, the pa- 
per manufactured in France amounted to the annual 
value of 8,000,000 livres ; 1,350,000 of which were ex- 
ported to foreign countries, and $50,000 livres to the 
colonies, 
7. The best hides are those of the oxen of Au- 
vergne, Limosin, and Poitou. Leather is p at 
Bayonne, Lectoure in the department of Gers, and St 
Germaine. The best tan-yards are at Paris, Dijon, 
Troyes, Coulommier, Rheims, Mezieres, Laon, Soissons, 
Rouen, Caen,. Bayeux, Verneuil, Perche, Chartres, Or- 
leans, Tours, ed Beauvais: leather for harness is ma- 
nufactured at Nemours, and Louviers.. Goat skins are 
ed at Paris, under the name of maroquins. Cha- 
mols leather is made, or imitated, at Niort, Strasburg, 
Grenoble, Annonay, &c. Buffalo hides are also ma- 
nufactured in France ; and parchment in Poitou, Lan- 
guedoc, Flanders, Alsace, and at Paris. The parch- 
ment made in France is esteemed the best in E 
and in time of peace is frequently imported into 
gt A ‘ 
8. Hats are chiefly manufactured at Lyons, Mar- 
> 
seilles, Rouen, and Paris. Before the Revolution, con- and 
siderable quantities were ex to the French co- 
lonies, and also to Spain and Spanish America, by the 
way of Cadiz ; at that time, there were about 70 hat 
manufactories in, the kingdom. 
9. Nails are. made in almost every province in 
France ; but the most considerable forges are in Nor- 
mandy, Cham e, and Limasin: at Limoges, great 
quantities of nails, particularly for horse shoes, were 
made, and sent to Paris, previously to the Revo- 
lution. Pins and needles are made at Paris, Rouen, 
Bourdeaux, Limoges, Evreux, and Aigle. Cutlery at 
Montargis, Chateaurault near Poitiers, where it is made 
with scarcely any division of labour, being in the hands 
of distinct and unconnected workmen, who go through 
every branch on their own account, and without assist- 
ance, exert from their families; at Cosne, Moulins, 
&c. Steel is chiefly manufactured at Amboise, where 
it was established by the Duke de Choiseul; at St 
Etienne, Colmar, and Grenoble. Works in bronze and 
or-moulu are carried to great perfection in Paris, Clocks 
and watches are made in different parts of France, par- 
ticularly at Paris, Cluse, and Carouges; the coarse 
movements are made at Di and its vicinity, The 
number of watches sold annually in France, before the 
Revolution, was supposed to be 200,000, At Paris 
and Lyons, at the same period, 70,000°workmen were 
employed in the manufacture of jewellery ; in the ca- 
ass: Sa ipmot eae pu kind, as well as all a 
expensive and tasteful toys, are carried to great perfec- 
tion, A few years before the Revolution, the art of 
FRANCE. 
casting cannon solid, and then boring them, 
troduced by W. Wilkinson, who i 
fi for that purpose, in an island in the Loire be- 
iow Nantes. ; 
10. China is principally manufactured at 
where io Pea lens Ween cercion Shame apeanae pee 
of ware, 
fection. Several manufactures chiefly 
of the coarse kind, are carried on at Aubagne and 
other places ; imitations of our Staffordshire ware are 
made at Chantilly and Paris ; they are called terre de 
pipe stone-ware is made at 
arseilles. 
11. The glass manufacture of St Gobins still retains Glass. 
its pre-eminence for and beautiful mirrors ; there 
are also glass manufactures at Moulins; at Baccarat in 
Lorraine, where three kinds were made, plate-glass, 
common glass for windows, and table-glass, the wood 
used in this manufacture amounted to between 8000, 
and 10,000 cords ; it was brought down the Meurthe, 
and in other parts of the kingdom. A considerable 
trade in curious works of enamel was carried on at 
Nevers before the Revolution. 
12. Under this head we shall notice all. the princi- Other arti 
pal remaining manufactures of France, which flourish- “** 
ed previously tothe Revolution. Soap of the first qua- 
lity is made at Marseilles, where, and at Paris, great 
quantities of wash balls were also made: inferior soap 
was manufactured at Toulon, Bourdeaux, Rouen, Lisle, 
Abbeville, Amiens, and St Quintin. The amount of 
this manufacture was 60 millions, only two of which 
were exported. The principal manufacture of starch is 
at Paris. The manufacture of tobacco and snuff amount« 
ed to 22,000 cwt._of the former, and 2000 ewt. of the 
latter. Verdegris, chiefly at Montpellier ; alum and 
Epsom salt in the neighbourhood of ezieres ; Glauber 
ts, which are esteemed of excellent quantity in the 
re- 
ing of sugar was principally carried on at Marseilles 
ropes 
Toulon, Abbeville, Dunkirk, and Havre de Grace. 
Bleaching is carried on toa governs eens 
principally in the vicinity of St Quintin, - he 
course is carried on at the seats of the principal 
woollen, linen, and cotton manufactures. The waters 
of the Saone are excellent for ing, containing, it 
is said, a soapy unlit; those of the Rhone fom hee 
purity, are equally adapted for dyeing; the waters of 
the Title river Sornin are also reckoned remar! 
Ill. Ps ution, such as that which for 
upwards Eiffeets of 
of 25 years has afflicted and the political and te Revo 
moral state of France, could not fail to press very se- i.) inu. 
iron te Way @rent Cegnee ; others Nore espe eenatee France. 
the trial not so much 
manufacture, which supplied that commerce, no longer 
being in equal demand, were no er made in equal 
uantities. Another cause of the 
ign, wine he ‘sought 
reign, m h 
in many instances, absolutely stript the manufactures of. 
