26 



Polar 68. Salmo salar, 



POLAR REGIONS. 



Regions. 



I 



69. 

 TO. 

 71. 

 72. 

 73. 

 74. 

 75. 

 76. 

 77. 

 78. 

 79. 



trutta, 

 fario, 

 alpinus, 



lacustris, 



rivalis, 



arcticus, 



Grocnlandicus, 



thymallus, 



lavaretus, 



Jlcarnii, 



Mackenzii, 



Nelma, 



Kundsca, 



Taimen, 



Artedi, 



signifer, 



thjmalloides, 



quadrilateralis, 



carpio, 



autumnalis, 



nasus, 



peled, 



80. 

 81. 

 82. 

 83. 

 84. 

 85. 

 86. 

 87. 

 88. 

 89. 

 90. 

 91. 



92. Hiodon clodialis, 



93. Esox lucius, 



94. Clupea harengus, 



95. encrasicolus, 



96. sprattus, 



97. Cyprinus Hudsonius, 



98. Forsterianus, 



99. Le Seurii, 

 100. aphya, 



Common salmon. 

 Sea trout. 

 Common trout. 

 Gilt char. 

 Lake salmon. 

 Pool salmon. 

 Rivulet salmon. 

 Arctic salmon. 



Capelan, or Greenland salmon. 

 Grayling. 

 Gwiniad. 



Coppermine River salmon, (Ri- 

 chardson.) 



Mackenzie's salmon, (Ditto.) 

 Nelma salmon. 

 Kundscha salmon. 

 Taimen salmon. 

 Artedis, or herring salmon. 

 Bach's grayling, (Richardson.) 

 Winter River grayling, (Ditto.) 

 Sea gwiniad, (Ditto.) 

 Carp trout. 

 Autumnal salmon. 

 Snouted salmon. 

 Peled salmon. 

 Golden eye, (Richardson.) 

 Common Pike. 

 Common herring. 

 Anchovy, (Fabricius.) 

 Sprat 



Hudsonian sucker. 

 Forster's sucker. 

 Le Seur's sucker. 

 Aphya carp. 



To render this general zoological view more complete, 

 we may add a list of the genera of other animals, ob- 

 served in Greenland by Fabricius. 



AMPHIBIA. 



liana Tcmporaria. 



INSECTA. 



Frog. 



Cistela stoica. 

 Selpha pedicularia. 

 Coccinella trifasciata. 

 Altica, 2 species. 

 Curculio, 2 species. 

 Dytiscus marginalia. 

 Tenebrio fossor. 

 Staphylinus, 3 species. 

 Papilio tullia. 

 Phalaena, 8 species. 

 JLibellula virgo. 

 Phryganea rhombisca. 

 Ichneumon moderator. 

 Apis alpina. 

 Tipula, 5 species, 

 Musca, 5 species. 

 Voluocella, 4 species. 



Gordius, 7 species. 

 Ascaris, 10 species. 

 Lumbricus, 11 species. 

 Amphitrite, 4 species. 

 Nereis, 17 species. 

 Aphrodita, 5 species. 

 Nais, 2 species. 

 Taenia, 6 species. 

 Hirudo, 2 species. 

 Planaria, 9 species. 

 Fasciola, 3 species. 

 JMammaria globulus. 

 Ascidia, 8 species. 

 Clio retusa. 

 Lernaea, 7 species. 

 Lucernaria, 2 species. 

 Trochus, 4 species. 

 Turbo, 2 species. 

 Tritonium, 10 species. 



Tabanus Groenlandkus. 

 Culex, 3 species. 

 Empis borealis. 

 Podura, 6 species. 

 Termes divinatorium. 

 Pediculus, 11 species. 

 Pulex irritans. 

 Acarus, 9 species. 

 Phalangium opilio. 

 Aranea, 6 species. 

 Pycnogonum, 3 species. 

 Cancer, 12 species. 

 Squilla lobata. 

 Oniscus, 12 species. 

 Daphne pulex. 

 Binoculus piscinus. 

 Cyclops brevicornis. 



VERMES. 



Myxine glutinosa, (a fish, not a 



worm.) 



Doris, 3 species. 

 Hydra, 2 species. 

 Actinia, 4 species. 

 Holothuria, 7 species. 

 Sepia, 2 species. 

 Beroe, 4 species. 

 Medusa, 6 species. 

 Asterias, 6 species. 

 Echinus saxatilis. 

 Sabella lumbricalis: 

 Serpula, 11 species. 

 Patella, 3 species. 

 Argonauta Arctka. 

 .Helix, 8 species. 

 Pholas teredo. 

 Isis hippuris. 

 Tubipora, 4 species. 

 3 



Nerita, 2 species. 

 Mya, 4 species. 

 Cardium, 2 species. 

 Venus, 3 species. 

 Area minuta. 

 Pecten Islandicus. 

 Mytilus, 3 species. 

 Chiton, 3 species. 

 Lepas, 3 species. 



Madrepora, 3 species. 

 Millepora, 4 species. 

 Cellipora, 6 species. 

 Flustra, 4 species. 

 Tubularia, 2 species. 

 Fistulana, 2 species. 

 Sertularia, 9 species. 

 Alcyonium, 4 speciea. 

 Spongia, 3 species. 



On reviewing these lists, we find a considerable di- 

 minution of the species in the first class of animals, 

 even in the extensive scope which we have assigned 

 to the northern regions. In proceeding northward, we 

 find the resident land mammalia reduced, between the 

 parallels of 70 and 80, to the polar bear, the wolf, 

 the fox, the Arctic hare, and a species of mouse; though 

 these inhospitable regions are visited by the musk ox, 

 the rein-deer, and, perhaps, some other quadrupeds, in 

 their short summer. Many of the mammalia, however, 

 which inhabit the sea, as, whales, the narwal, the 

 walrus, and seals, are found in the highest latitudes 

 to which we have been able to penetrate. Birds, 

 more fitted by nature for extensive and rapid emigra>- 

 tions, are found in high latitudes in greater numbers. 

 Aquatic birds extend to the confines of the impenetra- 

 ble icy barrier; and the ptarmigan, some of the finches, 

 and, above all, the snow-bunting, appear to be only li- 

 mited in their ranges northward by the total failure of 

 the berries of the Empetrum nigrum, and seeds of the 

 Betula nana, on which they feed. Several birds of 

 prey, such as the raven, the Greenland variety of the 

 penguin, the falcon, and some others, roam to the high- 

 est latitudes which man has reached. 



Fishes, whose element is more liable to be rendered 

 uninhabitable, by the long continuance of its icy cover- 

 ing, are found in smaller proportion. The Greenland 

 seas, and the waters of the north part of America, and 

 of the old continent, are remarkably barren of fishes, 

 with the exception of some species of salmon and her- 

 ring. The true amphibia are still more rare, and seem 

 to disappear long before any other class of animals. 



The severity of an Arctic climate, at first sight, does 

 not seem well suited to any of the insect tribe ; but 

 the tormenting clouds of mosquitoes, and sand flies, 

 encountered by Acerbi, Clarke, Scoresby, and Frank- 

 lin, in high latitudes, show that some species of insects 

 can brave the rigours of an Arctic winter, and require 

 but an ephemeral increase of temperature to call them 

 into an active existence, no less troublesome to man 

 than in tropical regions. The marine insects and crus- 

 tacea are, however, numerous ; and the vermes, and 

 minute animals of the ocean, swarm in countless my- 

 riads, and in great variety of form, to the very verge 

 of animated nature ; where'a barrier of solid ice has hi- 

 therto restrained the curiosity and enterprize of man. 



^ Notwithstanding the small variety of animals of the 

 higher orders, the number is, in certain places, and at 

 particular seasons, prodigious. Thus the sea about the 

 coasts is often almost covered with little auks, (Alca arc- 

 tica ,) and the rocks on the shores of Greenland and 

 Spitzbergen swarm with ducks, (Anas '.noUissima) and 

 some other species of birds are also numerous. Yet 

 these are but occasional visitors. They retire to these 

 remote regions, where the sea, as soon as the ice makes 

 an opening, is found to swarm with insects suitable for 

 their food, and the rocks afford them congenial places, 

 receiving an astonishing heat from the sun, for the 

 purpose of incubation. 



The birds take their departure from Spitzbergen 

 generally in September ot October, from the east coast 

 of Greenland somewhat earlier, and from Melville Is- 



Polar 

 Beo-ions. 



