POP 9 



Popery, Miss Blount, and the property of all his works to his 

 Popuia- f r iend Bishop Warburton, who evinced his gratitude 

 on ' by publishing a complete edition of the whole in 1751, 

 r Y~*~ in 9 vols. 8vo. An able Essay on the Genius and Writ- 

 ings of Pope, by Dr. Warton, appeared, in 2 vols. 8vo. 

 in 1756 and in 1782, and it was subsequently re- 

 printed in 1806. 



The character of Pope, though generally understood, 

 has yet been depicted in rather various colours. From 

 the state of his health, he required indulgences and ac- 

 commodations which the possessor of a robust consti- 

 tution is too apt to stigmatize as foibles ; and, from the 

 game cause, a fretfulness of disposition, and a short- 

 ness of temper, which were not indigenous to his 

 powerful mind. 



According to Lord Orrery, " his manners were de- 

 licate, easy and engaging ; and he treated his friends 

 with a politeness that charmed, and a generosity that 

 was much to his honour. Every guest was made hap- 

 py within his doors ; pleasure dwelt under his roof, 

 and elegance presided at his table." 



On the other hand, Dr. Johnson observes, " his par- 

 simony appeared in petty matters, such as writing his 

 compositions on the backs of letters, or in a niggardly 

 reception of his friends, and a scantiness of entertain- 

 ment. He was full of h'is fortune, and frequently ri- 

 diculed poverty ; he seems to have been of an opinion, 

 not at all uncommon in the world, that to want money 

 is to want every thing. He was proud of his connexion 

 with the great, and boasted that he obtained their no- 

 tice by no meanness or servility. He was capable of 

 generous and elevated sentiments, and had a dignified 

 regard to his independence. Inflexible in his dislikes, 

 he was firm in his attachments ; and Bolingbroke tes- 

 tified of him, that he had never known a man who 

 had so tender a heart for his particular friends, or more 

 general friendship for mankind. As a poet, admitting 

 that he was deficient in invention, his claim to pre- 

 err.'inence on other qualities will scarcely be disputed ; 

 And it will be generally admitted, that no English writ- 

 er has carried farther, correctness of versification, 

 strength and splendour of diction, and the truly poeti- 

 cal quality of adorning every subject that he touched." 

 POPERY. See the article ECCLESIASTICAL HIS- 

 TORY, Vol. VIII. Chap. II. p. 307, &c. 



POPULATION is the state of a country with re- 

 spect to the number of its inhabitants. The general 

 principles of population have already been discussed 

 under the head of POLITICAL ECONOMY in this volume, 

 and the latest returns of the population of the different 

 kingdoms in the world will be found under their 

 respective names. 



As a new census of England, however, and of the 

 United States of America, has been taken since these 

 articles were printed, we shall insert under the present 

 head the new results, and various other important par- 

 ticulars which could not have been previously given 

 in this work. 



POPULATION OF ENGLAND. 



Population The following Table, given in the population re- 

 ofKngland. turns by Mr. Rickman, contains a most important sum- 

 mary of the returns for 1700, 1750, 1801, 1811, and 

 1821. It is accompanied with the following explana- 

 tory remarks. 



Col. 4& 5. The population of Great Britain in the year 



I POP 



1811, as here ascribed to the several counties, is less by Popufa. 

 243,000 than in the Table formerly given, not more than tiou - 

 two-thirds of the army, navy, & c . at that time being ' s ' V*^ 1 

 supposed to be natives of Great Britain; the other third Population 

 part of the army and navy being attributed to 

 and foreign countries, and a majority of the seamen 

 who then navigated registered vessels. On these con- 

 siderations no more than a thirtieth part was added to 

 the resident population of each county for its share of 

 the army, navy, &c. and the same proportion is con- 

 tinued backward in the preceding columns, 1, 2, and 

 3. But to the resident population of Great Britain in 

 the year 1821, no more than a fiftieth part is added, 

 the army and navy having decreased since 1811. 

 This tends to lessen the per centage increase ascribed 

 to the several counties, between the years 1811 and 

 1821. 



Col. 6. The area of the several counties of England and 

 Wales, in square statute miles, is here given as measur- 

 ed upon Arrowsmith's large map, (date 1815-16) which 

 being founded on the trigonometrical survey, is little 

 liable to future alteration ; and the measurement of it 

 having been accomplished by means of an actual divi- 

 sion of the surface into square miles, scarcely admits 

 of error as to the area of England and Wales; nor 

 would the area of each county be less accurate suppos- 

 ing its detached parts to be all known. Of such irre- 

 gularities, fifty-three have been taken into account in 

 these calculations, and those which remain undiscover- 

 ed, are presumed to be of inconsiderable dimensions, 

 though perhaps not few in number. Most of the de- 

 tached parts are assessed in the county wherein they 

 are locally situate. To convert the English square 

 mile into a measure applicable to the maps of all civi- 

 lized nations (for the purposes of comparison) it is 

 only necessary to reckon it as three- fourths of the area 

 of the square geographical mile ; in other words, that 

 four English square miles are equal to three geogra- 

 phical. This proportion may be deemed exact; for 

 supposing a degree of latitude (between 51 and 52) 

 to measure 60,864 fathoms (on the authority of Gene- 

 ral Mudge) the area of an English square mile to the 

 geographical square mile is as 300 to 398.6. 



The English square mile contains 640 statute acres. 



Scotland (with its islands) is about equal to Ireland 

 in area, and is half as large as England and Wales ; 

 but in computing the area of Scotland in English 

 square miles, it is right to mention that the Scottish 

 mile is 5952 English feet, or (compared with the Eng- 

 lish mile) as 9 to 8: But it is rapidly falling into 

 disuse. 



Col. 8. The number of county magistrates who have 

 qualified themselves to act, is considerably less than the 

 total of this column, many of them acting for more than 

 one county or jurisdiction. Those who act for the 

 Isle of Ely are included in Cambridgeshire; and the 

 justices acting for the Ainstey of the city of York, are 

 included in the East Riding. One hundred and eighty- 

 three cities and towns have magistrates who lay claim 

 to an exclusive jurisdiction ; but most of them exercise 

 only a concurrent jurisdiction with the county magis- 

 trates, and some of them no jurisdiction at all. 



Col. 9- Parishes not being always conterminous with 

 the county in which the parish church is situate, it is 

 necessary to remark, that 268 parishes in England and 

 Wales are known to extend into two counties, two 

 parishes into three counties each; (for particulars the 

 abstract may be consulted) but the parish is herein 



5 





