R A I 310 



and the first pair of studs are 



K A L 



PLATE 

 CCCCLXXVII 



Figs. 5, 6, 7 



Railway, now put in motion, 



hooked into the loops of the waggon, which is imme- 

 diately suspended, and moved upwards along with the 

 chains. The second waggon is in the same manner 

 pushed forward and attached to the chains, and so of 

 others till the whole are transferred from the one level to 

 the other, as will be understood by examining the dia- 

 grams of Plate CCCCLXXVII. Figs. 5, 6, 7. At the top 

 of the lock, Fig. 5 and 1, the waggons marked g have 

 just been landed upon the upper railway, while those 

 marked ffffff, Figs. 5, 6, and 7, are still attached 

 to the pitch-chains ; the upper ones being about to be 

 turned over the axis of the machinery, still preserving 

 their horizontal position, will in their turn be placed up- 

 on the projecting ends of the upper rails marked c c'. 

 The chains still continuing their revolution, the studs are 

 disengaged from the loops of the waggon, which is thus 

 left upon the upper rail without the assistance of the 

 attendant, who with this apparatus has only to move 

 the waggons to and from the machine. In the same 

 manner a train of waggons is transferred from the 

 higher to the lower level, the machine being worked 

 in the reverse direction, that the studs of the chains 

 may hook the waggons or the platform made to re- 

 ceive them at the top of the lock instead of the bottom. 

 It is also to be noticed, that in the descending load 

 the impelling power requires to be kept in action 

 only till two of the waggons have passed round the 

 pitchwheels, when the application of friction with the 

 common brake becomes necessary to regulate the de- 

 scent of the load. 



In giving a technical description of this machine, 

 Fig. 5, is a plan of a lock, which would of course fall 

 to be excavated in a proper position on the line of road, 

 agreeably to the section of the ground, so as to aftbrd 

 the necessary accommodation for the apparatus. This 

 lock is lined with face- walls of masonry, marked 

 A A A A. The perpendicular rise is here taken at 

 twenty feet. B B is part of the lower railway with 

 the waggons^/ K upon it. C C is the upper level, with 

 a waggon gg upon it. aaaa show the two wheels 

 over which the pitch-chains pass, and b is their axis. 

 C C is a spur wheel on the same axis, with its pinion 

 d d mounted on the end of the horizontal shaft c, on which 

 the brake-wheel will fall to be mounted. Fig. 6. is an 

 elevation of the masonry of the lock marked AAAA; 

 letter C is the level of the upper, and B of the lower 

 railway ; a a a a are the wheels on which the pitch- 

 chains revolve, b is their axis, c the spur-wheel, d the 

 pinion mounted upon the horizontal shaft e, both 

 marked in dotted lines, fff are the waggons supposed 

 to be ascending or descending within the range of the 

 lock, hhhh the pitch-chains, i i i i i i are the studs up- 

 on the chains by which the waggons are suspended ; 

 the lower pair are seen entering the loops of the lower 

 waggon f. Fig. 7- is a longitudinal section of the ma- 

 sonry of the lock, AAAA' show the walls, B B the 

 lower railway, with its end B' turned up, as a stop for 

 the waggons at the proper position for hooking and 

 suspending them upon the chains. C C' show the 

 level of the upper railway, a a mark one of the pitch- 

 chain-wheels. The spur-wheel, pinion, and lying shaft 

 not appearing in this figure, fff are the ascending or 

 descending waggons, as in Fig. 6. g is a waggon on 

 the upper railway, and k another upon the lower rail- 

 way, hhhh h h are the pitch-chains, the dotted part 

 below being the track of the chains under ground. 

 / / show the rollers for guiding them, i i i i i are the 

 loops in the waggons, into which the studs enter for 

 suspending them to the chains. In practice, guide- 

 boxes for the chains are placed immediately below the 



level of the upper and lower railways, and upon each 

 alternate link of the chain, a kind of bow of iron is 

 formed, which passes through the guide-box, and keeps 

 the chain in its proper position for hooking the studs 

 into the loops of the waggons. 



Authors who may be consulted : Edgeworth on Rail- 

 roads } Wilkes on Railways ; Report relative to various 

 Lines of Railway, and Memorial relative to Opening tha 

 Great Valleys of Slrathmore and Slrathearn, by means 

 of a Railway or Canal, by Robert Stevenson, Civil En- 

 gineer, printed at Edinburgh, 1821 ; Observations on a 

 General Railway, published in London, 1821 ; Descrip- 

 tion of a Railway upon a New Principle, by H. H. Pal- 

 mer, Civil Engineer, London, 1823; Transactions of the 

 Highland Society, vol. vi. Edinburgh, 1824. 



RAIN. See METEOROLOGY, Vol. XIV. page 164 

 169 ; and PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Vol. XVI. page 512 

 517. See also METEORITES, Vol. XIV. for an ac- 

 count of showers of organised matter. 



RAIN-BOW. See OPTICS, Vol. XV. p. 616. 

 RAIN-GAGE. See METEOROLOGY, Vol. XIV. page 

 152. 



RAJEMAHAL, the name of an ancient city of Ben- 

 gal, which has recently fallen into decay. It stands on 

 the west bank of the Ganges, at the foot of a range of 

 hills. The modern part of the town consists of a single 

 street, with houses of stone about two stories high. 

 The ruins of a palace still attract attention. The view 

 of Rajemahal, with the mountains at the back of the 

 town, is much admired. The chief occupation of the 

 people is supplying the neighbourhood with flags and 

 millstones. This city has been ruined by an inunda- 

 tion of the Ganges, by a conflagration, and by the re- 

 moval of the seat of government to Dacca. E. long. 

 87 43', N. lat. 25 2'. 



RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, a distinguished author 

 and adventurer, was the fourth son of Walter Raleigh, 

 Esq. of Fardel, in the parish of Cornwood in Devon- 

 shire, was born in 1552 at Hayes, in the parish of Bud- 

 ley, a farm which formed part of his father's property. 

 By his mother's side he was nearly connected with those 

 celebrated knights, Sir John, Sir Humphrey, and Sir 

 Adrian Gilbert. 



After receiving the common school education of that 

 period, he was sent to Oriel College, Oxford, where he 

 was noticed for his proficiency in his studies ; but he 

 remained here only a short time, and was hurried into 

 a less peaceful career by his passion for military adven- 

 ture. 



At the early age of seventeen, he went as one of the 

 hundred volunteers under Henry Champernon, whom 

 Queen Elizabeth sent with other English troops to 

 France, to assist the queen of Navarre in defending 

 the protestants who were then severely oppressed. In 

 this service he studied the art of war for five or six 

 years, but it does not appear how he escaped the dread- 

 ful massacre of St. Bartholomew, which extended 

 through several of the provinces of France. In the year 

 1575 he returned to England, and took up his residence 

 in the Middle Temple, from which we find a commen- 

 datory poem dated, which is prefixed to a work of 

 George Gascoigne's, in 1576. In 1577, he embarked 

 for the Netherlands, along with the troops which the 

 queen sent to the assistance of the Dutch against 

 Spain, and in this adventure he occupied himself in ac- 

 quiring much useful knowledge, independently of mili- 

 tary experience ; and when he returned to his own 

 country, he was regarded as one of the best bred and 

 most accomplished gentlemen in England. 



Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the half -brother of Raleigh, 



Rain 



