RES 



337 



RE Y 





RESPIRATION. See PHYSIOLOGY, Vol. XVI. 



chap. viii. p. .l.'t 5f>7. 



iT'Oltl). or I!I:;UIIIM>. F.AST, a borough and mar- 

 ket town (if KiiLjhn 1, in tlie county of Nottingham. 

 Jt is agreeably situated on the eastern bank of the 

 river Idle, the village of West Retford being situated 

 on the opposite l>;mk, and connected with East Ret- 

 ford by a handsome modern bridge. The town con- 

 it' an open square, surrounded with good and re- 

 gularly built houses. The parish church, called the* 

 Corporation Church, dedicated to St. Swithin, is a 

 small but neat edifice, in the English style of architec- 

 ture, with a handsome square tower, though greatly 

 ornamented in the interior with recent improvements. 

 The town-hall, occupying a great portion of the mar- 

 ket place, is a neat and commodious building, the 

 shambles being placed beneath the principal room. 

 The other buildings and establishments are Sloswick 

 Hospital, built by the corporation in 1806; a free 

 school, endowed by Edward VI. ; and an almshouse 

 for twelve poor women. The chief manufactures are 

 those of sailcloth, hats, candle-wicks, and paper. The 

 town derives much advantage from the Chesterfield 

 canal from the Trent. 



East Retford sends a member to parliament, who is 

 chosen by 112 voters. The town is managed by two 

 bailies, twelve aldermen, and two chamberlains, a town- 

 clerk, and two Serjeants. 



The village of West Retford has a neat church, with 

 a spire on a square tower, and some ancient monu- 

 ments. The village is thriving, and has an hospital 

 for sixteen poor persons, founded by Dr. Donel in l66'6. 

 See Throsby's edition of Thornton's History of' Netting* 

 hamshire, vol. iii.; and Beauties of England and Wales, 

 vol. xii. p. 293. 



RETINA. See ANATOMY and OPTICS. 



RETZ, CARDINAL, born in 1614, and died in 1679. 

 See FRANCE, Vol. IX. p. 599- 



REVEL, or KOLYVAN, a sea-port town of Russia, 

 and the capital of Esthonia, is situated on the Baltic, 

 .MI a small bay in the Gulf of Finland. The town is 

 divided into three parts. The streets are in some places 

 regular, and in others the reverse, and very narrow, and 

 the houses are generally built of brick. Revel contains 

 thirteen churches, six of which belong to the Russian 

 Church, and the rest to the Lutherans. The other 

 buildings and establishments are a military academy, 

 an arsenal, a public library, with schools, hospitals, 

 .and almshouses. The town is surrounded with high 

 walls, which are strengthened by bastions and a deep 

 ditch. It is also fortified by a castle, placed upon a 

 rock, and adorned with several towers. 



The harbour, which is large and spacious, usually ac- 

 commodates a part of the Russian fleet. It is secure 

 against all winds, and protected by some fortified 

 islands at its mouth. From 100 to 120 vessels enter it 

 every year. The principal exports from Revel are tim- 

 ber, corn, and hemp ; and it imports sugar, coffee, bay 

 salt^ and articles of British manufacture. The follow- 

 . ing were the value of the exports and imports, from 

 1780 to 1795: 



Import*. 



178Q, 473,241 rubles. 

 1788, 259,292 



1792, 2,934,919 



1795, 1,765,294 



Exports. 



1,t-l(> rubles. 



527 

 417,349 



This great increase in the imports arises from some 

 diSiculties at Riga. The rise in value of the exports in 

 late years is from 5 to 600,000 rubles ; and of the im- 



VOL. XVII. PAHT I. 



ports, from 150 to 200,000. The article! of commerce A**tl 

 at Revel are the came as those which we have men- 

 tioned under Riga. It hat small manufactories for glass, **,'**. 

 woollen stockings, pins, hair-powder, leather, and toap. ' 

 There is aUo here a foundry for cannon. ^*Y^*^ 



As Revel was founded by the Danes in 1218, and 

 received several of its privileges from Danish sove- 

 reigns, the arms of Denmark, with inscriptions in Da- 

 nish, still exist on the churches and some of the public 

 offices. Population about 13,000. East Long. 26* 

 39' 9", North Lat. 59 26' 33". 



REVELATION. See CHRISTIANITY. 



REYGATE. See RYEOATB. 



REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA, a celebrated British 

 painter, was born on the 1 6th of July, 1 723, at Plymp- 

 ton, in Devonshire. His father was master of toe 

 grammar school of Plympton, and though a person of 

 singular character, he perceived his son's early passion 

 for drawing, which he encouraged with all the libera- 

 lity in his p nver. When quite a child, our young art- 

 ist copied sketches made by his elder sister, and like- 

 wise the prints from Cot's Book of Emblems. At the 

 early age of eight he studied, and even comprehended, 

 the "Jesuits Perspective,'' and having a short time af- 

 terwards obtained a copy of Richardson's " Treatise 

 on Painting," he was so fascinated with the perusal of 

 it, and cherished such an enthusiastic feeling for Ra- 

 phael, that he resolved to become a painter, and if pos- 

 sible to partake in the glory of the Italian master. In 

 1740, his father seeing the propensities of his son, 

 placed him under the care of Air. Thomas Hudson, one 

 of the best portrait painters of his day, and the son-in- 

 law of Richardson, the author of the work above men- 

 tioned, from whom he received the usual instruction in 

 his profession. The pupil, however, soon outstripped 

 his master, and in consequence of some differences with 

 him, they parted in 17*3. From London he went to 

 Devonshire, where he spent three years of inactivity ; 

 but he seems to have been roused from his indolence, 

 and to have returned to London in 1746, where be 

 painted a portrait of Captain Hamilton, father of the 

 late, and great-grandfather of the present Marquis of 

 Abercorn ; and perceiving that a true knowledge of art 

 could only be acquired from a careful study of the best 

 masters, he became desirous of visiting Italy. An op- 

 portunity of doing this soon occurred, through the 

 friendship of Captain, afterwards Lord Keppel, who 

 took him along with him to visit the shores of the Me- 

 diterranean, and to spend some time at Rome. It may 

 easily be conceived how our young artist, influenced by 

 his early prepossessions, was transported at the sight 

 of the works of Raphael which adorned the Vatican. 

 The account which he wrote of his feelings on this oc- 

 casion, has been published by his biographer, Mr. Ala- 

 lone. 



On his return from Italy in 1752, he speedily rose 

 to the head of his profession. His literary acquire- 

 ments, and the suavity of his manners, recommended 

 him to all the distinguished literati of that period, and 

 he lived on the most intimate footing with Johnson, 

 Goldsmith, Burke, M'Pherson, and many others. 



The first portrait which brought him into notice af- 

 ter his return from Italy, was a full length portrait of 

 Commodore Keppel, which was followed by a portrait 

 of Lord Edgecombe and some others, which were high- 

 ly esteemed. His pencil was soon employed in por- 

 traits of some of the greatest beauties of the metropolis, 

 and he speedily became the most fashionable artist of the 

 day. Crowds flocked to see his works, and he was not 

 2 r/ 



