11 1C 



317 



RI C 



Richmond. S wa l c , vhich flows in a deep valley below. On all 

 ' sides except the north, the ascent to the castle is steep 

 and precipitous. The shell of the keep, which is al- 

 most entire, is about 100 i'eet high, and the walls 1 1 

 ft rt tlm k. The lower story is supported by a huge 

 pillar of stone in the centre, from which circular arches 

 spring and close in the top. The floors of the two up- 

 p r rooms are fallen in, and the stair case goes only to 

 the great chamber. There is a ruinous tower in the 

 south east corner of the aisle, containing a gloomy dun- 

 geon about 14- feet deep. The c;istlc, which covers 

 nearly six acres, belongs to the Duke of Richmond. 

 Tin- principal manufactures of Richmond are knit yarn 

 stockings und woollen caps ; but the want of coal and 

 of water carriage is severely felt. The principal arti- 

 cles of trade are corn and lead. The corn is sent from 

 the corn market to the dales in the moors, where the 

 ground is all in pasture. The lead is conveyed from 

 the mines about 14- miles west of Richmond, and is 

 then sent to Borough Bridge and Yarm. The town is 

 governed by a mayor, recorder, 24 aldermen, and 24 

 counsellors. It sends two members to parliament, 

 who are chosen by about 270 electors. The Swale is 

 here crossed by a stone bridge. Population in 1821 



Inhabited houses, ] 738 



Families, - 7fiO 



. Ditto, employed in manufactures, trade, &c. - 615 



JIales, ..... 1578 



Females, - - - - 1971 



Total Population in 1821, - 3346 



See the Beauties of England and Wales, vol. xvi. 

 p. 288. 



RICHMOND, a village of England, in the county 

 of Surrey, is delightfully situated on the declivity of an 

 eminence on the south bank of the Thames, which is 

 here 300 feet wide, and is crossed by an elegant bridge 

 of freestone, communicating with Twickenham, having 

 five semi-circular arches. The village has a very irre- 

 gular form, but the streets are handsome, and the 

 houses well built and elegant. The houses and hotels 

 here are particularly magnificent, and afford the finest 

 accommodation. 



The church or chapel of Richmond consists of a 

 nave, aisles, and a chancel, built of brick. There is at 

 the west end a low embattled tower built of white 

 stone and flint in chequers. It contains many monu- 

 ments, among which are those of Lord Brouncker, Mr. 

 Yates the actor, Robert Lewis, Esq. who, as his epitaph 

 informs us, was such a lover of peace, that " when a 

 dispute bewail between life and death, gave np the 

 ghost to end the dispute ;" James Thomson the poet, 

 whose grave was not indicated till 17f)2, when-the Karl 

 of Buchan put up a brass tablet. A neat theatre has 

 been built on one side of Richmond Green. In Rich- 

 mond Park there is an observatory, with a mural 

 arch of eight feet radius, and of 14-0, a 1^ feet zenith 

 sector, an eight feet, transit instrument; and a ten fuet 

 Deflecting telescope by Ilerschel. In the moveable dome 

 on the summit, there is a good equatorial instrument. 

 This observatory is, we believe, under the direction of 

 Professor Rigaud of Oxford. The summit of the hill, 

 called Richmond Green, is levelled and inclosed, and 

 is surrounded with lofty elms. Richmond Hill is cover- 

 ed with the most elegant mansions, and command - the 

 richest and most extensive prospects. There are very 

 useful charities in this place, -which arc liberally sus- 

 tained, and judiciously managed. See the Beauties of 

 England and Wales, vol. xiv. p. 194-. 



RICHMOND, a city of the United States, and th Ricuut 

 capital of Virginia, is situated exactly at the foot of the I 

 falls, on the north aide of James river, and about 150 ^i* 

 miles from its mouth. It is connected with Manchet- ^^r'*" 

 ter, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge 400 

 yards long, and there is an excellent bridge over the 

 small creek called Maine's Branch, which divides th 

 lower from the upper part of Richmond. The public 

 buildings are, an episcopal church, a handsome state- 

 house, a court-house and jail, a house for the go- 

 vernor, a penitentiary, an armoury, market houses, 

 a public library, containing about 3000 volumes, a 

 Lancasterian school, and eight chapels. The theatre 

 was burned in December 1811, and along with it the 

 governor of the state, and above 70 other persons. A 

 handsome episcopal church has now been erected upon 

 the site of it, with a monument in front recording the 

 disastrous event. The city contains about 800 brick 

 houses, many of which are handsome, and 600 of 

 wood. 



At the armoury of Richmond 4000 muskets are ma* 

 nufactured annually, and during the last war, it sup- 

 plied the nation with 800 pieces of cannon, 12 and 6 

 pounders, oniy one of which bimt on trial. In 1815 

 the legislature voted 100,000 dollars for the support of 

 the armoury, and the establishment of four arsenals. 

 A very great quantity of flour is yearly made at Rich- 

 mond. A rope work is also established there. 



A very considerable trade is carried on between Rich- 

 rnond and New York. Linen made in the mountains 

 is exported to St. Petersburgh ; but the principal ex- 

 ports are tobacco, flour, and coal. 



The shipping in 1816 amounted to 9943 tons. Steam 

 boats, with transport boats attached, ply on James's 

 river, between Richmond and Norfolk. James's river 

 opens a communication nearly 100 miles long. The 

 Richmond canal stretches six miles along the falls. The 

 lockage is eighty feet, which is accomplished by twelve 

 locks, which form a communication for boats between 

 the basin of the river and tide water. The company 

 by whom this canal was made, are bound to open the 

 communication as far as Pattenborough, 200 miles 

 distant from Richmond. The population is as follows: 



1800 5537 inhabitant* 



1810 9735 



1817 14,333 



See Morse's Geography ; and Warden's Account of the 

 United Slates, vol. ii. 



RICINUS. See MATERIA MEDICA, Index. 



RIFLE GUNS. See GUNMAKIKO, Vol. X. p. 560. 



RIGA, a city of Russia, and the capital of Livonia, 

 is situated about seven miles from the sea, on an extensive 

 plain on the Dwina, and on the gulf of Rigi. The city 

 is situated on the right, and the suburbs on the left bank 

 of the river. The streets are narrow and crooked, but 

 the houses, which are generally of stone, are neat. The 

 principal public buildings, &c. are the town house, the 

 exchange, the house of assembly for the states of Livo- 

 nia, the imperial palace, the cathedral, the imperial 

 lyceuin, the arsenal, the hospital of St. George, the 

 church of St. Peter, remarkable for its fine tower, the 

 Russian hospital, the botanic garden, the theatre, the 

 custom-house, and the monument of the incendiaries 

 of Riga. There is also a public library, the museum of 

 Himmsel, and a college. As the Dwina is too wide 

 for an iron or a stone bridge, it is crossed by a floating 

 wooden bridge, 40 feet in breadth, and 2600 in length. 

 " A row of piles," says Mr. Coxe, ''extends from one 

 shore to the other; each pile is from 25 to 40 feet 



