ROM 



i; man 



History. 





Romania, 

 ,-tomano. 



soon after his accession. The supreme power was 



iio\v usurped l>y ( ilyeerius, who was drpo,id in !?|, 

 and hiirivrdrd by Julius X|H^. Nt poi was driven 

 from the throne by his general Orestes, who can 

 own son Augustus to be proclaimed empi-ior. In the 

 year 470, the barbarians who had M.Tvcd in the Roman 

 :u init.s, demanded the third part of the lands of Italy 



433 ROM 



as the reward for tbeir services ; but a* Orestes refuted 



tu grant this demand, they chose for their leader 

 acer, who became the firt king of Italy. 



ROM 



ROMANIA, $n 1 i KkEY. 



ROMANO, .hi. 10, or tin i.io PIPM, a celebrated 

 painter of the Itonian School, was born at Koine in 

 1 !;ij. He was the favourite pupil of Raphael, and 

 ^naliztd himself by his battle of Constantine, 

 which he painted from a- design of Raphael's, and 

 which was particularly admired by Poussin. 



When he had completed the hall of Constantine in 

 the Vatican, from Raphael's designs, he went to Man- 

 tua, where the patronage of the Gonzaghi family ex- 

 cited him to those great works, and those magnificent 

 plans by which Mantua and the palace Del '1\ have 

 been so highly decorated. In the decorations of this 

 p:ilace, Julio prepared the cartoons, and had the pic- 

 tures executed by his pupils ; but he afterwards cor- 

 rected and finished them. Modern pencils are said 

 to have covered the touches of Julio, especially in the 

 Fable of Psyche, the Allegories of Human Life, and 

 the Giants Storming Heaven, where his composition 

 and design are alone seen. In the fresco paintings of 

 the old palace or corte of Mantua, which refer princi- 

 pally to the histories of the Trojan war, his peculiar 



From this period the history of Rome merges into 

 that of Italy, and will be found fully detailed in our 

 article on ITALY, Vol. XII. p. 333. 



!{..:: in 



II O M 



merits are better perceived. Helen asleep, Vulcan 

 forging arms for Achilles, are considered beautiful ; 

 and Minerva slaying Ajax is regarded as sublime. 



The most remarkable of the altar pieces of our artist 

 are the three frescos of St. Marco ; and in the church 

 of St. Chrittofero, the athletic figure of that saint sup- 

 porting the infant Jesus. His martyrdom of St. Ste- 

 phen on the head altar of the Church of St. Stephen at 

 Genoa, is preferred to them all. 



Julio Romano possessed also great knowledge of 

 architecture, and he executed plans for several of the 

 palaces of Rome and Mantua. His last effort of this 

 kind was the erection of a splendid mansion for him- 

 self at Mantua. On the death of St. Gallo, the archi- 

 tect of St. Peter's, Julio was chosen his successor by 

 the pope ; but the cardinal duke, by the entreaties of 

 his wife and friends, prevented him from leaving Man- 

 tua ; and while he was taking measures to surmount 

 these difficulties, he was seized with an illness, of 

 which he died in 154-6', in the 54th year of hi* age. 

 See PAIXTIXO, Vol. XVI. p. 240. 



ROME. 



Rotne. ROME, the ancient capital of the Roman empire, 

 ^ v- .' and now the metropolis of the papal dominions, and 

 the residence of the pope, is built chiefly on the 

 left or eastern bank of the Tiber, which here runs 

 in a southerly direction. The area enclosed by the 

 walls of Rome approaches to the form of a square, and 

 Kxtentand their circuit is about it) miles. This area, however, 

 *alls of the comprehends an immense extent of unpeopled land; 

 :it y- and a stranger may wander for hours in perfect soli- 



tude within the walls. This uninhabited portion of 

 the area is to the south ; but to the north of the plain of 

 the Campus Martius, the bustle and activity of life re- 

 appears. This closely built part of the city is about 

 two miles I'-ng, and from one to one and a half miles 

 ttes. broad. In tue time of the empire, Rome had 37 gates, 

 12 of which were double, one for those who entered, 

 and the other for those who returned from the city. 

 At present Rome has 1C gates, including the four of 

 the Citta Leonina, but several of them have been wall- 

 ed up ; the finest of these gates is the Porta Maggiore, 

 which was originally an arch of the aqueduct of Clau- 

 dian. It consists of immense squares of Tiburtine 

 stone without cement, and sustained by huge Ionic co- 

 lumns. The other gates are the Porta del Popolo, on 

 the north, which supplies the place of the ancient Porta 

 Flaminia ; the Porta Sebastiana, which supplies the 

 place of the Porta Capena on the south ; the Porta 

 Salaria, or Collina ; the Porta San Paola, which is a 

 substitute for the Porta Ostiensis ; the Porta Pia, an- 

 ciently the Porta Nomentana ; the Porta San Lorenzo, 

 probably the Porta Tiburtiaa ; the Perta Giovanni, on 



VOL. XVII. FART 11. 



the great road from Naples, corresponding to the an- Rome, 

 cient Porta Celimontana. The Porta Latina, between ^^Y"^ 

 this last gate and the Porta Sebastiana, is blocked up ; 

 and close to the Porta Giovanni, on the right, as we 

 leave Rome, is the Porta Asinaria, which is also block- 

 ed up. 



The seven hills on which ancient Rome stood, are The seven 

 the Palatine, the Aventine, the Capitol, the Ccelian, hill*, 

 the Esquiline, the Quirinal, and the Yiminal Hills. 

 The first five have the appearance of small hills or 

 large mounts; but the Esquiline and the Quirinal, 

 though they have a considerable ascent on the side of 

 Rome, have no descent on the opposite side ; and the 

 Viminal hill can no longer be recognized. The Aven- 

 tine, Palatine, and Cwlian hills, and also part of the 

 Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal Hills, are now co- 

 vered with vineyards and corn fields. 



The Palatine Hill, which is a square and fiat topped Palatine 

 elevation, is situated nearly in the middle of the other hill, 

 hills, and contains two solitary villas and a convent. 

 Its numerous temples, palaces, porticos and libraries, 

 are now heaps of shapeless ruins. The part of the irrb- 

 perial palace which looked to the west still exists, 

 but it is now buried in ruins. The immense hall 

 which was discovered here about a hundred years ago, 

 and the ornaments of which were carried off by the 

 Farnese family, is described by Eustace as an area co- 

 vered with weeds, and presenting to the eye a va.-t 

 length of naked wall. 



The Aventine, the most western of the hills, is di- Arentine 

 vided from the Palatine by the valley of the Circus hilL 

 $ i 



