RUSSIA. 



491 



frost, during \\hich tho ground is frozen to the depth 

 of nearly three I. i't. The aurora horealis IH very fre- 

 qurnt, :'md its coruscations peculiarly varied. Thundflf 

 .storms arc not imt'requent, and are sometimes violent, 

 hi-'h wind* are not predominant, and it seldom hails; 

 but ho:tr- frosts, producing the most beautiful appear- 

 ances on the trees, are very frequent. When the sun 

 shiiu-s, these trees appear like enormous chandeliers 

 covered with millions of resplendent gems. 



In the second region of the empire the summer is 

 indeed short in many parts ; but in most of them it is 

 so warm, and the days are so long, that the fruits of 

 the earth usually come to maturity in a shorter time 

 than in other places. The winter in the greatest part 

 of this region is generally very severe. 



In the third region the winter is also long and cold, 

 especially in some parts of Siberia. This is rather 

 owing to the lofty mountains with which these dis- 

 tricts abound, than to their high degree of latitude. 

 The governments belonging to this region in European 

 Russia, however, usually enjoy a short and mild win- 

 ter, and a fine warm summer. 



In the fourth region the winter is short, and except 

 in some parts of Irkutsk and Kholivan, not very cold ; 

 and the summer is warm, and in many parts very dry. 

 One of the most delightful districts in this region is 

 the Krinaea, or rather its south coast. 



COMMERCE. 



Mr. Herrmann has given various dissertations re- 

 specting the commerce of Russia in the Metnoircs de 

 I' Academic Impcriale (lex Sciences de St. Peiersburgh, 

 of whose labours we shall take advantage. In the fifth 

 volume of that work, p. 66*2, is a paper respecting the 

 interior commerce of Russia in 1813, in which he 

 treats, in succession, of the commerce at St. Peters- 

 burgh, Moscow, Riga, upon the river Niemen, of As- 

 trach;in, of Taganrog, of the canals of Finland, of the 

 Dneper and the Dnester ; of the northern provinces, 

 including Archangel, and of Siberia. He enumerates 

 the articles and their value, and concludes with the 

 subsequent tables. 



I. ST. PETEESBURGH. Importation 

 by Vishnii Volotchok, 

 by Ti.'hvin .... 



by Mary's canal 



Roubles. 

 75,099,3(59 

 9,153,694 

 5,381,252 



by Vishnii Volotchok 



by Tishvin 



by Mary's canal 



Exportation 



Total 89,634,315 



Total 



Merchandise which had wintered 



699,672 



8,261,165 



43,840 



9,004,(>77 

 3,275,430 



Grand total of importation and exportation 101,914,422 

 II. Moscow. Importation ... 

 Exportation 



III. ASTRACHAN. Importation 

 Exportation 



IV. SOUTHERV PnoVIKCES. 

 Navigation upon the Dneper 



V. NORTHERN PROVIHCES. 

 Upon the Dvina 

 Upon Catharine's canal 



37,038,990 

 12,134,329 

 16,555.947 



28,690,276 



9.760,035 

 383,867 



10,144,522 

 9,046,099 



VI. RICA, upon the Dvina, 

 upon the l: 



VII TAOAHROG, upon the Don, 

 VIII. Navigation upon the Niemen 



upon the canal 01 < >jinkkii 



IX. Upon the canal* of FINLAND 



X. Commerce ot Si HE it i A. 



Upon the Irtish 

 Tura 

 Tobol 



640.441 



8,1<*9.7T 

 4.3*7,0*4 



421.W2 



169,407 



1,7H7,SS 



7.407 



11, 6.'W,236 



13,924,979 



As the importation is not always separated from the 

 exportation, we cannot value these two titret except 

 by approximation. 



For St. Pctersburgh 



Moscow 



Astiachan 



Archangel 



lliga 



Taganrog 



Upon the Niemen 



Importation. 



Ro. 89,631,315 



34,960,018 



. 12,134,329 



9,332,771 



8,109,677 



4,327,084 



KT;- - ..-,. 



Ro. 9.004,677 



2,078,972 



16,555,9*7 



2,096,938 



For the commerce of the southern provinces, that of 

 the canals of Finland, and upon the rivers of Siberia, 

 both of importation and exportation, our data only 

 present the total. 



But nevertheless, we see by these data that the 

 known importation surpasses the exportation by about 

 5f. The first amounts to 1 58,498, 1<H roubles, the se- 

 cond to 29,736,534 roubles. 



Astrachan has the most considerable exportation; St. 

 Petersburgh the greatest importation of the interior. 



As the prices of merchandise and the value of money 

 vary, Herrmann has given a general table of all the 

 merchandise which passed in 1813 by the principal 

 rivers and canals of Russia, in another and subsequent 

 paper in the same volume of the Memoires. In vol. vi. 

 p. 686, the same author gives a statistical account of the 

 principal fairs of Russia, viz. of Makaricf (now of 

 Nishnii Novgorod) and of Irbit, and also of that of Ro- 

 men in the government of Poltava, and of Korennaya 

 Pustinya in that of Kursk. In vol. vi. p. 810, are con- 

 tained most valuable statistical tables respecting the 

 foreign commerce of the Russian empire, from the year 

 1802 to 1807, and from 1812 to 1815, which were pre- 

 sented by Herrmann on the 24th Sept. IS 17, to a con- 

 ference of the Imperial Academy. The statistical ac- 

 counts of the years 1808-11 areawanting, and this de- 

 ficiency renders the difference between the two tables 

 still more striking. One of them includes part of the 

 time of the continental system, and the other that of 

 Europe delivered. 



The total commerce of Russia, by sea and land, dur- 

 ing these ten years, was as follows : 



9,332,771 



