492 



RUSSIA. 



Russia. 

 Commerce. 



in comparing the mediums, it results that the im- 

 portation has more than doubled of late years ; for 

 there is a surplus of 55 millions of roubles; and that 

 the exportation has nearly tripled, for it exceeds by 

 109 millions that of the years indicated in the first 

 table. 



In general, the exportation has been greater than the 

 importation. According to the first table, there had 

 been exported for 12 millions; according to the second 

 table, for 66 millions above that of the importation. 

 But even in supposing that there had been considerable 

 smuggling, the surplus of exportation would still be 

 in favour of Russia. 



The year the least favourable for commerce was 

 1807 ; the most extensive was 1815. The total foreign 



commerce in the first year was 93 millions, and that 

 of the last 334 ; therefore there was an excess of 24-1, 

 which gives the proportions of 1 to 3f. 



All the Reviremenl of commerce amounted in the first 

 period per annum at a medium to 114,541,817 roubles, 

 and in the second to 279,284,966 roubles, and there- 

 fore surpassed that of the first period by 164 743,149; 

 i. e. that it had more than doubled, without including 

 the commerce by transit, of which we shall speak 

 hereafter. 



The grand channels of this commerce by sea and 

 land, the principal kinds of merchandise impoited and 

 exported, and the commerce of St. Petersburgh in par- 

 ticular, merit general attention. 



Russia. 

 Commerce. 



I. Commerce by Sea. 



From this Table, it results, 1st, That the importa- 

 tion upon the Baltic Sea, and upon the White Sea, 

 during the above period, was very inferior to the ex- 

 portation ; that commerce was more equal upon the 

 Black Sea, but that the importation greatly surpassed 

 the exportation upon the Caspian Sea. 



2d, That the importation upon the Baltic Sea has 

 diminished, but that the exportation has been better 

 sustained. The first phenomenon was the effect of the 

 continental system ; the second arose from the want 

 which foreigners had of Russian productions. 



3d, That the commerce of the White Sea is chiefly 

 commerce of exportation, wfvch has been pretty well 

 sustained in spite of all obstacles. 



4th, That the commerce upon the Black Sea is the 

 most equal commerce among the commercial nations. 



The surplus which there is of that of exportation, arises 

 chiefly from the commerce of Odessa in corn. 



5th, That the commerce upon the Caspian Sea is the 

 most disadvantageous to Russia, the importation being 

 seven or eight times greater than the exportation. 



6th, That the general importation by sea amounted, 

 during this period, at a medium to 33,506,643 roubles, 

 and the exportation to 55,623,024. The balance was 

 therefore in favour of Russia; for there was 22, 1 16,381 

 roubles more exported than imported. || Assuredly 

 we ought to allow something for smuggling, but still 

 the balance was favourable for Russia. 



7th, That the general trade amounted to 89,129,667 

 at a medium per annum. 



The second table upon the commerce by sea con- 

 tains the following data: 



The same phenomenon takes place in this period of a in its kind; it .exceeds by forty-two millions that 

 flourishing commerce; the exportation is every where of the year 1812 ; it even exceeds the exportation by 

 much superior to the importation, except upon the Cas- thirteen million?. When the continental system fell 



pian Sea. 



The importation by the Baltic sea, in 1813, is unique 



to the ground, and when peace was restored to Europe 

 after the dreadful conflict of 1812, England especially 



At St. Petersburgh, Cronstadt, Riga, Pernau, Narva, Arensburg, Wiburg, Libau, Fridericksharn, Windau, Reval, Hapsal. 

 f At Archangel and Onega. 



J At Odessa, Nickoliief, Ovidiopol, Eupatoria, Sevastopol, Kertch, Theodosia, Taganrog, Mariopole, Yenikaie. 

 At Astrachan. N. B. All the calculations in this and the following Tables of course are in roubles. 

 j The original is, " Plus d'importe qu'exporte," which we suppose to be a mistake. 



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